# articles

title:
A Bayesian Paradigm for Dynamic Graph Layout


title:
Drawing Clustered Graphs on an Orthogonal Grid

abstract:
Clustered graphs are graphs with recursive clustering structures over the vertices. For graphical representation, the clustering structure is rep- resented by a simple region that contains the drawing of all the vertices which belong to that cluster. In this paper, we present an algorithm which produces planar drawings of clustered graphs in a convention known as orthogonal grid rectangular cluster drawings. If the input graph has n vertices, then the algorithm produces in O(n) time a drawing with O(n2) area and at most 3 bends in each edge. This result is as good as existing results for classical planar graphs. Further, we show that our algorithm is optimal in terms of the number of bends per edge.


title:
Balanced Aspect Ratio Trees and Their Use for Drawing Very Large Graphs

abstract:
We describe a new approach for cluster-based drawing of large graphs, which obtains clusters by using binary space partition (BSP) trees. We also introduce a novel BSP-type decomposition, called the balanced aspect ratio (BAR) tree, which guarantees that the cells produced are convex and have bounded aspect ratios. In addition, the tree depth is O(log n), and its construction takes O(n log n) time, where n is the number of points. We show that the BAR tree can be used to recursively divide a graph embedded in the plane into subgraphs of roughly equal size, such that the drawing of each subgraph has a balanced aspect ratio. As a result, we obtain a representation of a graph as a collection of O(log n) layers, where each succeeding layer represents the graph in an increasing level of detail. The overall running time of the algorithm is O(n log n+m+D0 (G)), where n and m are the number of vertices and edges of the graph G, and D0 (G) is the time it takes to obtain an initial embedding of G in the plane. In particular, if the graph is planar each layer is a graph drawn with straight lines and without crossings on the n x n grid and the running time reduces to O(n log n).


title:
A Fully Animated Interactive System for Clustering and Navigating Huge Graphs

abstract:
This paper describes DA-TU, which combines an animated clustering and an online force-directed animated graph drawing method for the visualization of huge graphs.


title:
A Framework for Circular Drawings of Networks

abstract:
Drawings of graphs which show the inherent strengths and weaknesses of structures with clustered views would be advantageous additions to many network design tools. In this paper we present a framework for producing circular drawings of networks represented by nonbiconnected graphs. Furthermore, the drawings produced by these techniques clearly show the biconnectivity structure of the given networks. We also include results of an extensive experimental study which shows our approach to significantly outperform the current state of the art.


title:
FADE: Graph Drawing, Clustering, and Visual Abstraction

abstract:
A fast algorithm(FADE ) for the 2D drawing, geometric clustering and multilevel viewing of large undirected graphs is presented. The algorithm is an extension of the Barnes-Hut hierarchical space decomposition method, which includes edges and multilevel visual abstraction. Compared to the original force directed algorithm, the time overhead is $O(e + n \log n)$ where n and e are the numbers of nodes and edges. The improvement is possible since the decomposition tree provides a systematic way to determine the degree of closeness between nodes without explicitly calculating the distance between each node. Different types of regular decomposition trees are introduced. The decomposition tree also represents a hierarchical clustering of the nodes, which improves in a graph theoretic sense as the graph drawing approaches a lower energy state. Finally, the decomposition tree provides a mechanism to view the hierarchical clustering on various levels of abstraction. Larger graphs can be represented more concisely, on a higher level of abstraction, with fewer graphics on screen.


title:
A Multilevel Algorithm for Force-Directed Graph Drawing

abstract:
We describe a heuristic method for drawing graphs which uses a multilevel technique combined with a force-directed placement algorithm. The multilevel process groups vertices to form clusters, uses the clusters to define a new graph and is repeated until the graph size falls below some threshold. The coarsest graph is then given an initial layout and the layout is successively refined on all the graphs starting with the coarsest and ending with the original. In this way the multilevel algorithm both accelerates and gives a more global quality to the force-directed placement. The algorithm can compute both 2 and 3 dimensional layouts and we demonstrate it on a number of examples ranging from 500 to 225,000 vertices. It is also very fast and can compute a 2D layout of a sparse graph in around 30 seconds for a 10,000 vertex graph to around 10 minutes for the largest graph. This is an order of magnitude faster than recent implementations of force-directed placement algorithms.


abstract:
Enabling the user of a graph drawing system to preserve the mental map between two different layouts of a graph is a major problem. Whenever a layout in a graph drawing system is modified, the mental map of the user must be preserved. One way in which the user can be helped in understanding a change of layout is through animation of the change. In this paper, we present clustering-based strategies for identifying groups of nodes sharing a common, simple motion from initial layout to final layout. Transformation of these groups is then handled separately in order to generate a smooth animation.


title:
Encoding Presentation Emphasis Algorithms for Graphs

abstract:
While graphs can effectively visualize one or more relations on a set of elements, drawings of large graphs can be difficult to understand. As such, many presentation emphasis techniques for visualizing graphs such as fisheye views have been proposed. A recent survey paper [9] described an abstract space of techniques and identified common shortcomings. Here we outline a highlevel language that addresses several of these limitations; the language is used to: 1) select subsets of graph elements; 2) compute a real-valued priority for each element; and, 3) encode presentation strategies that automatically emphasize elements based on subset membership and priority.


title:
Reduction of Visual Complexity in Dynamic Graphs

abstract:
Graphs are used extensively in software visualization to represent both static aspects of software structure and dynamic aspects of execution-time behavior. However, for realistic subject software systems, there are far too many nodes and edges in the displayed graphs to be comprehensible to an end user. Further, for presentation of dynamics, continual change and redisplay of such large graphs is too demanding for conventional workstation computational resources. This paper poses the problem of ``reduction'' or ``abstraction'' in dynamically changing graphs, and proposes a combination of techniques that can be used to reduce the visual complexity of a graph, without obscuring the significant information that it was meant to convey. These techniques are illustrated by way of examples showing their use in systems for visualization of object-oriented and multi-layer software systems.


title:
A Simple Algorithm for Drawing Large Graphs on Small Screens

abstract:
Viewing a large graph in limited display space has traditionally been accomplished using either reduced scale rendering of the graph or by attaching scrollbars to a view window which shows only a small portion of the entire graph. Recent work, however,has concentrated on integrating a locally detailed view with a globally scaled view. We present an algorithm for constructing a view which smoothly integrates local detail and global context in a single view window and describe user interaction with such a display.


title:
3-D Visualization of Program Information


title:
Searching and Discovery of Resources in Digital Libraries


title:
Edge concentration: a method for clustering directed graphs

abstract:
The display of a directed graph is a commonly used visual aid for representing relationships. However, some graphs contain so many edges that their display by traditional graph layout algorithms is virtually impossible because of the overwhelming number of crossings. Graphs representing large software systems and their configurations are particularly prone to this problem. Examples of such graphs include: graphs depicting a system's configuration, call graphs, graphs depicting import and export relationships between modules, and graphs depicting the "includes" relation among a system's source files. This paper proposes the elimination of some edges by replacing sets of edges that have the same set of source and target nodes by a special node called an edge concentration node. Reducing the number of edges often has the desirable side effect of reducing the number of crossings. An algorithm that determines a reasonable set of edge concentrations of a graph in O(n4) operations for each level in the graph is presented where n is the number of nodes in that level. Several examples from the area of software configuration management are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of using edge concentrations.


title:
The cognitive coprocessor architecture for interactive user interfaces

abstract:
The graphics capabilities and speed of current hardware systems allow the exploration of 3D and animation in user interfaces, while improving the degree of interaction as well. In order to fully utilize these capabilities, new software architectures must support multiple, asynchronous, interacting agents (the Multiple Agent Problem), and support smooth interactive animation (the Animation Problem). The Cognitive Coprocessor is a new user interface architecture designed to solve these two problems, while supporting highly interactive user interfaces that have 2D and 3D animations. This architecture includes 3D Rooms, a 3D analogy to the Rooms system with Rooms Buttons extended to Interactive Objects that deal with 3D, animation, and gestures. This research is being tested in the domain of Information Visualization, which uses 2D and 3D animated artifacts to represent the structure of information. A prototype, called the Information Visualizer, has been built.

keywords:
Design Tools and Techniques, User interfaces, INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL, Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism, Subjects: Animation


title:
Reliable communication in the presence of failures

abstract:
The design and correctness of a communication facility for a distributed computer system are reported on. The facility provides support for fault-tolerant process groups in the form of a family of reliable multicast protocols that can be used in both local- and wide-area networks. These protocols attain high levels of concurrency, while respecting application-specific delivery ordering constraints, and have varying cost and performance that depend on the degree of ordering desired. In particular, a protocol that enforces causal delivery orderings is introduced and shown to be a valuable alternative to conventional asynchronous communication protocols. The facility also ensures that the processes belonging to a fault-tolerant process group will observe consistent orderings of events affecting the group as a whole, including process failures, recoveries, migration, and dynamic changes to group properties like member rankings. A review of several uses for the protocols in the ISIS system, which supports fault-tolerant resilient objects and bulletin boards, illustrates the significant simplification of higher level algorithms made possible by our approach.

keywords:
reliability, atomic broadcast, fault-tolerant process groups, reliable broadcast


title:
Multilevel Visualization of Clustered Graphs

abstract:
Clustered graphs are graphs with recursive clustering structures over the vertices. This type of structure appears in many systems. Examples include CASE tools, management information systems, VLSI design tools, and reverse engineering systems. Existing layout algorithms represent the clustering structure as recursively nested regions in the plane. However, as the structure becomes more and more complex, two dimensional plane representations tend to be insufficient. In this paper, firstly, we describe some two dimensional plane drawing algorithms for clustered graphs; then we show how to extend two dimensional plane drawings to three dimensional multilevel drawings. We consider two conventions: straight-line convex drawings and orthogonal rectangular drawings; and we show some examples.


title:
Drawing Large Graphs with H3Viewer and Site Manager

abstract:
We demonstrate the H3Viewer graph drawing library, which can be run from a standalone program or in conjunction with other programs such as SGI's Site Manager application. Our layout and drawing algorithms support interactive navigation of large graphs up to 100,000 edges. We present an adaptive drawing algorithm with a guaranteed frame rate. Both layout and navigation occur in 3D hyperbolic space, which provides a view of a large neighborhood around an easily changeable point of interest. We find an appropriate spanning tree to use as the backbone for fast layout and uncluttered drawing, and non-tree links can be displayed on demand. Our methods are appropriate when node or link annotations can guide the choice of a good parent from among all of the incoming links. Such annotations can be constructed using only a small amount of domain-specific knowledge, thus rendering tractable many graphs which may seem rather densely connected at first glance.


title:
Planarity-Preserving Clustering and Embedding for Large Planar Graphs

abstract:
In this paper we present a novel approach for cluster-based drawing of large planar graphs that maintains planarity. Our technique works for arbitrary planar graphs and produces a clustering which satisfies the conditions for compound-planarity (c-planarity). Using the clustering, we obtain a representation of the graph as a collection of O(log n) layers, where each succeeding layer represents the graph in an increasing level of detail. At the same time, the diference between two graphs on neighboring layers of the hierarchy is small, thus preserving the viewer's mental map. The overall running time of the algorithm is O(n log n), where n is the number of vertices of graph G.


title:
Graph Drawing by High-Dimensional Embedding

abstract:
We present a novel approach to the aesthetic drawing of undirected graphs. The method has two phases: first embed the graph in a very high dimension and then project it into the 2-D plane using PCA. Experiments we have carried out show the ability of the method to draw graphs of 105 nodes in few seconds. The new method appears to have several advantages over classical methods, including a significantly better running time, a useful inherent capability to exhibit the graph in various dimensions, and an effective means for interactive exploration of large graphs.


title:
BiblioMapper: A Cluster-Based Information Visualization Technique

abstract:
The purpose of the paper is to develop a visualization system of a document space, called BiblioMapper, for CISI collections, one of the bibliographic databases available on the Internet. The major function of BiblioMapper is to visualize the document space with a cluster-based visualization technique. The cluster-based visualization technique assembles a set of documents according to semantic similarities. One advantage of this technique is that users are able to focus on and assess each cluster and the documents which the cluster comprises according to their information needs.


title:
Reconfigurable Disc Trees for Visualizing Large Hierarchical Information Space

abstract:
We present a new visualization technique, called RDT (Reconfigurable Disc Tree) which can alleviate the disadvantages of cone trees significantly for large hierarchies while maintaining its context of using 3D depth. In RDT, each node is associated with a disc around which its children are placed. Using discs instead of cones as the basic shape in RDT has several advantages: significant reduction of occluded region, sharp increase in number of displayed nodes, and easy projection onto plane without visual overlapping. We show that RDT can greatly enhance user perception by transforming its shapes dynamically in several ways:(1) disc tree which can significantly reduce the occluded region by the foreground objects, (2) compact disc tree which can increase the number of nodes displayed on the screen, and (3) plane disc tree which can be mapped onto the plane without visual overlapping. We describe an implementation of our visualization system called VISIT (Visual Information System for reconfigurable dIsc Tree). It provides 2D and 3D layouts for RDT and various user interface features such as tree reconfiguration, tree transformation, tree shading, viewing transformation, animation, selection and browsing which can enhance the user perception and navigation capabilities. We also evaluate our system using the following three metrics: percentage of occlusion, density of displayed nodes on a screen. number of identifiable nodes.

keywords:
Information visualization, disc tree,compact disc tree, plane disc tree, hierarchy


title:
Integrating Natural Language With Large Dataspace Visualization


title:
Models for visualization in parallel debuggers

abstract:
The complexity of parallel programming has stimulated the development of a variety of debugging tools. This survey of recent research focuses on debugger visualization systems. The effectiveness of such systems is bounded by the degree to which their representations of run-time behavior correlate with the language structures used to incorporate parallelism, as well as the logical framework adopted by the programmer. Current visualization systems are compared with the conceptual models supported by parallel languages. Attention is drawn to the fact that debuggers are tied to specific models and that this association may restrict their usefulness and acceptability.


abstract:
The main problems associated with debugging concurrent programs are increased complexity, the "probe effect," nonrepeatability, and the lack of a synchronized global clock. The probe effect refers to the fact that any attempt to observe the behavior of a distributed system may change the behavior of that system. For some parallel programs, different executions with the same data will result in different results even without any attempt to observe the behavior. Even when the behavior can be observed, in many systems the lack of a synchronized global clock makes the results of the observation difficult to interpret. This paper discusses these and other problems related to debugging concurrent programs and presents a survey of current techniques used in debugging concurrent programs. Systems using three general techniques are described: traditional or breakpoint style debuggers, event monitoring systems, and static analysis systems. In addition, techniques for limiting, organizing, and displaying a large amount of data produced by the debugging systems are discussed.

keywords:
Distributed computing, event history, nondeterminism, parallel processing, probe-effect, program replay, program visualization, static analysis


title:
Visual hierarchical dimension reduction for exploration of high dimensional datasets

abstract:
Traditional visualization techniques for multidimensional data sets, such as parallel coordinates, glyphs, and scatterplot matrices, do not scale well to high numbers of dimensions. A common approach to solving this problem is dimensionality reduction. Existing dimensionality reduction techniques usually generate lower dimensional spaces that have little intuitive meaning to users and allow little user interaction. In this paper we propose a new approach to handling high dimensional data, named Visual Hierarchical Dimension Reduction (VHDR), that addresses these drawbacks. VHDR not only generates lower dimensional spaces that are meaningful to users, but also allows user interactions in most steps of the process. In VHDR, dimensions are grouped into a hierarchy, and lower dimensional spaces are constructed using clusters of the hierarchy. We have implemented the VHDR approach into XmdvTool, and extended several traditional multidimensional visualization methods to convey dimension cluster characteristics when visualizing the data set in lower dimensional spaces. Our case study of applying VHDR to a real data set supports our belief that this approach is effective in supporting the exploration of high dimensional data sets.

keywords:
dimensionality reduction, visual hierarchy, parallel coordinates, scatterplot matrices


title:
Query, analysis, and visualization of hierarchically structured data using Polaris

abstract:
In the last several years, large OLAP databases have become common in a variety of applications such as corporate data warehouses and scientific computing. To support interactive analysis, many of these databases are augmented with hierarchical structures that provide meaningful levels of abstraction that can be leveraged by both the computer and analyst. This hierarchical structure generates many challenges and opportunities in the design of systems for the query, analysis, and visualization of these databases.In this paper, we present an interactive visual exploration tool that facilitates exploratory analysis of data warehouses with rich hierarchical structure, such as might be stored in data cubes. We base this tool on Polaris, a system for rapidly constructing table-based graphical displays of multidimensional databases. Polaris builds visualizations using an algebraic formalism derived from the interface and interpreted as a set of queries to a database. We extend the user interface, algebraic formalism, and generation of data queries in Polaris to expose and take advantage of hierarchical structure. In the resulting system, analysts can navigate through the hierarchical projections of a database, rapidly and incrementally generating visualizations for each projection.

keywords:
databases, data warehouses, OLAP, hierarchical projection


title:
Communicating Centrality in Policy Network Drawings

abstract:
We introduce a network visualization technique that supports an analytical method applied in the social sciences. Policy network analysis is an approach to study policy making structures, processes, and outcomes, thereby concentrating on relations between policy actors. An important operational concept for the analysis of policy networks is the notion of centrality, i.e., the distinction of actors according to their importance in a relational structure. We integrate this measure in a layout model for networks by mapping structural to geometric centrality. Thus, centrality values and network data can be presented simultaneously and explored interactively.

keywords:
Information visualization, graph drawing, force-directed placement, social network analysis, centrality.


abstract:
This chapter describes visualization methods. It describes their relationship both to scientific visualization and to statistical graphics. The use of visualization for knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) is described with attention to large databases, textual analysis, networks, time-based data, highly multivariate data, and usage by domain experts. Visualization methods are proposed as an aid both in pre- and postmodeling.

keywords:
visualization, knowledge discovery in databases


abstract:
Data sets in large applications are often too massive to fit completely inside the computer's internal memory. The resulting input/output communication (or I/O) between fast internal memory and slower external memory (such as disks) can be a major performance bottleneck. In this paper we survey the state of the art in the design and analysis of external memory (or EM) algorithms, where the goal is to exploit locality in order to reduce the I/O costs.For sorting and related problems like permuting and fast Fourier transform, the key paradigms include distribution and merging. The paradigm of disk striping offers an elegant way to use multiple disks in parallel. For sorting, however, disk striping can be nonoptimal with respect to I/O, so to gain further improvements we discuss distribution and merging techniques for using the disks independently. We consider EM paradigms for computations involving matrixes, geometric data, and graphs, and we look at problems caused by dynamic memory allocation. We report on some experiments in the domain of spatial databases using the TPIE system (Transparent Parallel I/O programming Environment). The newly developed EM algorithms and data structures that incorporate the paradigms we discuss in this chapter are significantly faster than methods currently used in practice.

keywords:
Fourier transform, I/O complexity, RAID, batched computational geometry, batched graph problems, batched sorting, disk block, disk striping, external memory, indivisibility assumption, locality and load balancing, out-of-core, parallel disk model


title:
Query Previews in Networked Information Systems

abstract:
In a networked information system (such as the NASA Earth Observing System--Data Information System (EOSDIS)), there are three major obstacles facing users in a querying process: network performance, data volume and data complexity. In order to overcome these obstacles, we propose a two-phase approach to query formulation. The two phases are the Query Preview and the Query Refinement. In the Query Preview phase, users formulate an initial query by selecting rough attribute values. The estimated number of matching data sets is shown graphically on preview bars which allows users to rapidly focus on a manageable number of relevant data sets. Query previews also prevent wasted steps by eliminating zero-hit queries. When the estimated number of data sets is low enough, the initial query is submitted to the network, which returns the metadata of the data sets for further refinement in the Query Refinement phase. The two-phase approach to query formulation overcomes slow network performance, and reduces the data volume and data complexity problems. This approach is especially appropriate for users who do not have extensive knowledge about the data and who prefer an exploratory method to discover data patterns and exceptions. Using this approach, we have developed dynamic query user interfaces to allow users to formulate their queries across a networked environment.

keywords:
Direct Manipulation, Dynamic Query, Information System, Network, Preview Bar, Query Preview, Science Data, Volume Preview, User Interface


title:
A node-positioning algorithm for general trees


title:
Non-parametric Similarity Measures for Unsupervised Texture Segmentation and Image Retrieval

abstract:
In this paper we propose and examine non-parametric statistical tests to define similarity and homogeneity measures for textures. The statistical tests are applied to the coefficients of images filtered by a multi-scale Gabor filter bank. We will demonstrate that these similarity measures are useful for both, texture based image retrieval and for unsupervised texture segmentation, and hence offer an unified approach to these closely related tasks. We present results on Brodatz-like micro-textures and a collection of real-word images.


abstract:
We propose a novel approach for solving the perceptual grouping problem in vision. Rather than focusing on local features and their consistencies in the image data, our approach aims at extracting the global impression of an image. We treat image segmentation as a graph partitioning problem and propose a novel global criterion, the normalized cut, for segmenting the graph. The normalized cut criterion measures both the total dissimilarity between the different groups as well as the total similarity within the groups. We show that an efficient computational technique based on a generalized eigenvalue problem can be used to optimize this criterion. We have applied this approach to segmenting static images and found results very encouraging.

keywords:
grouping, image segmentation, graph partitioning


title:
INCENSE: A system for displaying data structures

abstract:
Many modern computer languages allow the programmer to define and use a variety of data types. Few programming systems, however, allow the programmer similar flexibility when displaying the data structures for debugging, monitoring and documenting programs. Incense is a working prototype system that allows the programmer to interactively investigate data structures in actual programs. The desired displays can be specified by the programmer or a default can be used. The default displays provided by Incense present the standard form for literals of the basic types, the actual names for scalar types, stacked boxes for records and arrays, and curved lines with arrowheads for pointers. In addition to displaying data structures, Incense also allows the user to select, move, erase and redimension the resulting displays. These interactions are provided in a uniform, natural manner using a pointing device (mouse ) and keyboard.

keywords:
structured programming, user interfaces, design, human factors, languages


title:
Towards specifying and evaluating the human factors of user-computer interfaces

abstract:
Despite the current interest in user-computer interfaces, the design of a good interface remains to a great extent an art, with much argument over guidelines and principles for interface design. Pertinent information, scattered throughout the literature of psychology, graphic design. linguistics, hardware design, and under the general umbrella of computer science, is only gradually being gathered into survey publications for application by computer scientists [1,4,12,15]. Our purpose is to design a specification language which will serve as a vehicle for the design of and experimentation with user-computer interfaces. The specification language not only defines the external characteristics of the interface, but can also be analyzed to determine whether the interface meets a set of generally-accepted human factors guidelines. We believe the language is general enough to be used with principles of interface design other than those we have proposed.


title:
A lens and aperture camera model for synthetic image generation

abstract:
This paper extends the traditional pin-hole camera projection geometry, used in computer graphics, to a more realistic camera model which approximates the effects of a lens and an aperture function of an actual camera. This model allows the generation of synthetic images which have a depth of field, can be focused on an arbitrary plane, and also permits selective modeling of certain optical characteristics of a lens. The model can be expanded to include motion blur and special effect filters. These capabilities provide additional tools for highlighting important areas of a scene and for portraying certain physical characteristics of an object in an image.

keywords:
Camera model, Computer graphics, Lens and aperture, Raster displays, Visible surface algorithms


abstract:
Ray tracing is one of the most elegant techniques in computer graphics. Many phenomena that are difficult or impossible with other techniques are simple with ray tracing, including shadows, reflections, and refracted light. Ray directions, however, have been determined precisely, and this has limited the capabilities of ray tracing. By distributing the directions of the rays according to the analytic function they sample, ray tracing can incorporate fuzzy phenomena. This provides correct and easy solutions to some previously unsolved or partially solved problems, including motion blur, depth of field, penumbras, translucency, and fuzzy reflections. Motion blur and depth of field calculations can be integrated with the visible surface calculations, avoiding the problems found in previous methods.

keywords:
Camera, Constructive solid geometry, Depth of field, Focus, Gloss, Motion blur, Penumbras, Ray tracing, Shadows, Translucency, Transparency


abstract:
A software environment is described which provides facilities at a variety of levels for "animating" algorithms: exposing properties of programs by displaying multiple dynamic views of the program and associated data structures. The system is operational on a network of graphics-based, personal workstations and has been used successfully in several applications for teaching and research in computer science and mathematics. In this paper, we outline the conceptual framework that we have developed for animating algorithms, describe the system that we have implemented, and give several examples drawn from the host of algorithms that we have animated.

keywords:
algorithm animation, computer science education, algorithm design, algorithm analysis


abstract:
It is shown how an interdisciplinary team overcame technical and organizational hurdles to develop an expert system that tailors its real-time responses to a pilot's flying style. The system, called the Pilot's Associate (PA), besides the pilot's inputs, required in its knowledge bases expertise from human-factors specialists to decide how the information should be displayed, from psychologists to establish benchmarks for pilot performance in combat, and from engineers to define the relevant operational characteristics that need to be monitored by the expert system. It was designed to make expert recommendations without stopping to quiz pilots during air-to-air combat. The key to the system architecture is a plan-goal graph, which describes the elements used to link a pilot's actions, or plans, with a particular mission goal. The plan-goal graph is described, and a simple example is given to illustrate its use. The tasks of reconciling differing design requirements and of finding effective ways to communicate, both among human designers and among the software modules themselves, are discussed

keywords:
aerospace computing, expert systems, human factors, military systems, software engineering, PA, Pilot's Associate, air-to-air combat, computer-aided fighter pilots, expert system, human-factors, mission goal, operational characteristics, plan-goal graph, real-time responses, software modules


title:
Visualization of Biological Sequence Similarity Search Results

abstract:
Biological sequence similarity analysis presents visualization challenges, primarily because of the massive amounts of discrete, multi-dimensional data. Genomic data generated by molecular biologists is analyzed by algorithms that search for similarity to known sequences in large genomic databases. The output from these algorithms can be several thousand pages of text, and is difficult to analyze because of its length and complexity. We developed and implemented a novel graphical representation for sequence similarity search results, which visually reveals features that are difficult to find in textual reports. The method opens new possibilities in the interpretation of this discrete, multi-dimensional data by enabling interactive investigation of the graphical representation.

keywords:
visualization, molecular biology , protein, DNA, sequence, similarity search


title:
High Dimensional Brushing for Interactive Exploration of Multivariate Data

abstract:
Brushing is an operation found in many data visualization systems. It is a mechanism for interactively selecting subsets of the data so that they may be highlighted, deleted, or masked. Traditionally, brushes have been defined in screen space via methods such as painting and rubberband rectangles. In this paper we describe the design of N-dimensional brushes which are defined in data space rather than screen space, and show how they have been integrated into XmdvTool, a visualization package for displaying multivariate data. Depending on the data display technique in use, brushes may be specified and manipulated via direct or indirect methods, and the specification may be demand-driven or data-driven. Various brush operations such as highlighting, linking, masking, moving average, and quantitative display have been developed to apply to the selected data. In addition, we have explored several new brush concepts, such as non-discrete brush boundaries, simultaneous display of multiple brushes, and creating composite brushes via logical operators. Preliminary experimental evaluation with test subjects supports the usefulness of N-dimensional brushes in data exploration tasks.

keywords:
brushing, multivariate data visualization, visual data exploration


title:
Recursive Pattern: A Technique for Visualizing Very Large Amounts of Data

abstract:
An important goal of visualization technology is to support the exploration and analysis of very large amounts of data. In this paper, we propose a new visualization technique called `recursive pattern' which has been developed for visualizing large amounts of multidimensional data. The technique is based on a generic recursive scheme which generalizes a wide range of pixel-oriented arrangements for displaying large data sets. By instantiating the technique with adequate data- and application-dependent parameters, the user may largely influence the structure of the resulting visualizations. Since the technique uses one pixel for presenting each data value, the amount of data which can be displayed is only limited by the resolution of current display technology and by the limitations of human perceptibility. Beside describing the basic idea of the `recursive pattern' technique, we provide several examples of useful parameter settings for the various recursion levels. We further show that our `recursive pattern ' technique is particularly advantageous for the large class of data sets which have a natural order according to one dimension (e.g. time series data). We demonstrate the usefulness of our technique by using a stock market application.

keywords:
Visualizing Large Data Sets, Visualizing Multidimensional and Multivariate Data, Visualizing Large Sequential Data Sets, Recursive Visualization Techniques, Interfaces to Databases


title:
Iconic Techniques for Feature Visualization

abstract:
Presents a conceptual framework and a process model for feature extraction and iconic visualization. Feature extraction is viewed as a process of data abstraction, which can proceed in multiple stages, and corresponding data abstraction levels. The features are represented by attribute sets, which play a key role in the visualization process. Icons are symbolic parametric objects, designed as visual representations of features. The attributes are mapped to the parameters (or degrees of freedom) of an icon. We describe some generic techniques to generate attribute sets, such as volume integrals and medial axis transforms. A simple but powerful modeling language was developed to create icons, and to link the attributes to the icon parameters. We present illustrative examples of iconic visualization created with the techniques described, showing the effectiveness of this approach.

keywords:
scientific visualization, feature extraction, iconic visualization, attribute calculation


title:
A rule-based tool for assisting colormap selection

abstract:
The paper presents an interactive approach for guiding the user's select of colormaps in visualization. PRAVDAColor, implemented as a module in the IBM Visualization Data Explorer, provides the user a selection of appropriate colormaps given the data type and spatial frequency, the user's task, and properties of the human perceptual system

keywords:
IBM Visualization Data Explorer, PRAVDAColor, colormap selection, colour graphics, data analysis, data type, data visualisation, expert systems, human perceptual system, rule-based tool, spatial frequency


title:
Subverting Structure: Data-Driven Diagram Generation

abstract:
Diagrams are data representations that convey information predominantly through combinations of graphical elements rather than through other channels such as text or interaction. We have implemented a prototype called AVE (Automatic Visualization Environment) that generates diagrams automatically based on a generative theory of diagram design. According to this theory, diagrams are constructed based on the data to be visualized rather than by selection from a predefined set of diagrams. This approach can be applied to knowledge represented by semantic networks. We give a brief introduction to the underlying theory, then describe the implementation and finally discuss strategies for extending the algorithm

keywords:
AVE, Automatic Visualization Environment, data visualization, data-driven diagram generation, semantic networks


title:
An Architecture for Retaining and Analyzing Visual Explorations of Databases

abstract:
A software architecture is presented to integrate a database management system with data visualization. One of its primary objectives, the retention of user-data interactions, is detailed. By storing all queries over the data along with high-level descriptions of the query results and the associated visualization, the processes by which a database is explored can be analyzed. This approach can lead to important contributions in the development of user models as Âdata explorersÂ, metadata models for scientific databases, intelligent assistants and data exploration services. We describe the underlying elements of this approach, specifically the visual database exploration model and the metadata objects that support the model.

keywords:
visual database exploration, database visualization, metadata, user modeling, interaction


title:
Authenticity Analysis of Wavelet Approximations in Visualization

abstract:
Wavelet transforms include data decompositions and reconstructions. This paper is concerned with the authenticity issues of the data decomposition, particularly for data visualization. A total of six datasets are used to clarify the approximation characteristics of compactly supported orthogonal wavelets. We present an error tracking mechanism, which uses the available wavelet resources to measure the quality of the wavelet approximations

keywords:
Wavelet transform, Data compression, Data visualization, Multiresolution visualization


title:
Collaborative Active Textbooks: A Web-Based Algorithm Animation System for an Electronic Classroom

abstract:
The paper describes CAT, a Web-based algorithm animation system. CAT augments the expressive power of Web pages for publishing passive multimedia information with a full-fledged interactive algorithm animation system. It improves on previous Web-based algorithm animations by providing a framework that makes it easy to construct new animations, including those that involve multiple views. Because views of the same running algorithm may reside on different machines, CAT is particularly well-suited for electronic classrooms. This strategy is an improvement over the electronic classroom systems the authors are aware of which simply display the same X window on multiple machines. They believe their framework generalizes to electronic textbooks in arbitrary domains

keywords:
algorithm theory, computer animation, computer science education, data visualization, multimedia computing, algorithm animation


title:
The Eyes Have It: A Task by Data Type Taxonomy for Information Visualizations

abstract:
A useful starting point for designing advanced graphical user interfaces is the visual information seeking Mantra: overview first, zoom and filter, then details on demand. But this is only a starting point in trying to understand the rich and varied set of information visualizations that have been proposed in recent years. The paper offers a task by data type taxonomy with seven data types (one, two, three dimensional data, temporal and multi dimensional data, and tree and network data) and seven tasks (overview, zoom, filter, details-on-demand, relate, history, and extracts)

keywords:
visualization, information visualization, graphical user interfaces


title:
Fluid Visualization of Spreadsheet Structures

abstract:
Spreadsheets augment a visible tabular layout with invisible formulas. Direct manipulations of the tabular layout may or may not result in the desired changes to the formulas. The user is forced to explore the individual cells to find, verify, and modify the formulas, which causes heavy cognitive overhead. We present a set of techniques that make these formulas and their resulting dataflow structure easily accessible while maintaining the natural appearance of the spreadsheet. Transient local views visualize dataflow structures associated with individual cells, while static global views and animated global explanations visually present the entire dataflow structure at once. Semantic navigation enables the user to navigate through the dataflow structure interactively, and visual editing techniques make it possible to construct formulas using graphical editing techniques. Central to these techniques is the use of animation and lightweight interaction for rapid and non-intrusive visualization. Our prototype implementation suggests that these techniques can greatly improve the expressive power of current spreadsheets as well as other applications that have rich underlying structures

keywords:
information visualization, spreadsheet, animation, dataflow graph, fluid user interfaces


abstract:
The paper presents VIQING, an environment for expressing queries via direct manipulation of data visualizations. VIQING provides a simple graphical interface for connecting visualizations, and has the expressive power of the basic relational operators select, project and join. VIQING has been implemented in the Tioga DataSplash visualization system to provide a seamless integration of querying and browsing. The resulting system is unique in providing a unified visual interface for developing database applications, encompassing both querying and data visualization

keywords:
VIQING, query processing, visual databases, visual programming


title:
Computer graphics: principles and practice (2nd ed.)


title:
An Empirical Study of Task Support in 3D Information Visualizations

abstract:
There is still little knowledge about what factors important for the usability of a 3D user interface. We have performed a comparative study of three 3D information visualizations as a step towards a better understanding of this. The study involved 25 volunteer subjects, performing three different tasks with the Information Landscape, Cam Tree, and Information Cube. The results of the study indicate that the subjects were significantly faster with the Information Landscape when compared with both other visualizations. The Cam Tree was significantly faster than the Information Cube. Our observations during the study indicate that local and global overview are extremely important factors. We also observed that custom navigation is crucial in 3D user interfaces. Finally, the study raises the question: Âfor what types of tasks is a 3D user interface best suited?Â

keywords:
3D information visualization, usability study, empirical study, navigation, overview Adobe Acrobat QuickTime Windows Media Player Real Player


title:
The STARLIGHT information visualization system

abstract:
STARLIGHT is an example of a new class of information system expressly designed around visualization-oriented user-interface. Incorporating more traditional information storage and retrieval technologies into its design, the STARLIGHT system also enables the integrated use of multiple, concurrent visualization techniques to support comparison of content and interrelationship information levels of abstraction simultaneously. This powerful new form of information analysis eases cognitive workloads by providing a visual context for the information under study. Originally developed for intelligence analysis applications, the STARLIGHT software is intended to support the rapid, concurrent analysis of complex multimedia information, including structured and unstructured text, geographic information, and digital imagery. The system uses novel 3-D visualization techniques that interactively generate easily understandable representations of explicit and implicit relationships contained in information collections of various types. This paper describes the general theory behind our approach, and the design and features of a Windows NT-based operational system

keywords:
3D visualization techniques, STARLIGHT information visualization system, Starlight software, Windows NT-based operational systemIEEE Conference on Information Visualisation (IV '97), concurrent visualization techniques, digital imagery, geographic information, information analysis, information collections, information storage, information system, intelligence analysis applications, levels of abstraction, retrieval technologies, unstructured text, visual context, visualization-oriented user-interface


title:
Automatic abstraction management in information visualization systems

abstract:
The construction of information visualization systems is a difficult task. However, there is little research into the provision of software architectures for visualization systems to reduce this difficulty. Particularly, systems that provide a reusable support for the automatic management of the different levels of abstraction in which complex data can be observed cannot be found in current visualization systems. Telescope, an object-oriented architecture for visualization systems is presented. Its main goal is to provide a customizable infrastructure to develop visualization systems allowing the automatic management of the different levels of abstraction in which the visualized information can be observed. Telescope is based on the concept of abstractor objects which provides the generic behavior to support visualizations with semantic zoom capabilities controlled externally through abstraction scales. CityVis, a visualization system for city data, developed using the Telescope architecture, is also described

keywords:
CityVis, Telescope, abstraction scales, abstractor objects, automatic abstraction management, city dataIEEE Conference on Information Visualisation (IV '97), complex data, customizable infrastructure, data visualisation, information visualization systems, object-oriented architecture, reusable support, semantic zoom capabilities, software architectures


abstract:
Reviews the information visualization and interaction techniques needed to add another dimension to surfing the World Wide Web. Information visualization can be used to explore relationships by Âdrilling downÂ and retrieving more data within a region of interest in the visualized data, combining data mining, direct manipulation and data visualization with 3D Web tools. It is now possible to create desktop visualization applications that let users interact with databases with larger datasets over the network using both 2D and 3D interaction metaphors. The VRML standard allows users to view and navigate through 3D information data worlds and hyperlink to new worlds. Information drilling based on HTML's image map, VRML's anchor node and multiple predefined viewpoints is explained and demonstrated. The image map in 2D and 3D graphics objects (glyphs, etc.) represents the visual user interface to the information stored in the database. Over the next couple of years, we shall see 3D visualization evolve in giant steps into interactive data drilling on the Web, providing visualization technology closely integrated with the data warehouse and multidimensional abstract and geospatial data models

keywords:
data visualization, hypermedia, information drill-down, interactive data drilling


title:
A multi-scale, multi-layer, translucent virtual space

abstract:
The dynamic nature of virtual display spaces can provide powerful tools for helping people comprehend phenomena that occur over widely disparate spatial scales. This paper presents the macroscope, an interactive technique for browsing very large spaces of displayed information at different scales. The macroscope takes as a point of departure the traditional 2D zoom and pan operations, but introduces multiple translucent layers to avoid the problem of losing visual context. The third dimension is used to visually separate the layers and provide an external point of view for controlling the presentation. The user can manipulate viewfinders in the virtual space, which control the relative scale and position of the layers

keywords:
2D zoom, browsing, interactive technique, macroscope, multi-scale multi-layer translucent virtual space, relative scaleIEEE Conference on Information Visualisation (IV '97), viewfinders, virtual display spaces, virtual reality, widely disparate spatial scales


title:
IVEE: an Information Visualization and Exploration Environment

abstract:
The Information Visualization and Exploration Environment (NEE) is a system for automatic creation of dynamic queries applications. IVEE imports database relations and automatically creates environments holding visualizations and query devices. IVEE offers multiple visualizations such as maps and starfields, and multiple query devices, such as sliders, alphasliders, and toggles. Arbitrary graphical objects can be attached to database objects in visualizations. Multiple visualizations may be active simultaneously. Users can interactively lay out and change between types of query devices. Users may retrieve details-on-demand by clicking on visualization objects. An HTML file may be provided along with the database, specifying how details-on-demand information should be presented, allowing for presentation of multimedia information in database objects. Finally, multiple IVEE clients running on separate workstations on a network can communicate by letting one user's actions affect the visualization in an another IVEE client.

keywords:
HTML file, IVEE, Information Visualization and Exploration Environment, alphasliders, arbitrary graphical objects, automatic dynamic query creation, computer animation, data visualisation, database objects, database relations, details-on-demand retrieval, maps, multimedia computing, multimedia information, multiple IVEE clients, multiple query devices, multiple visualizations, network, query devices, query formulation, query processing, sliders, starfields, toggles, user actions, workstations


abstract:
Selective dynamic manipulation (SDM) is a paradigm for interacting with objects in visualizations. Its methods offer a high degree of selectivity, in choosing object sets, in the selection of interactive techniques and the properties they affect, and in the degree to which a user action affects the visualization. Our goal is to provide a flexible set of techniques and feedback mechanisms that enable users to move objects and transform their appearance to perform a variety of information analysis tasks.

keywords:
SDM, data visualisation, direct manipulation, graphical user interfaces, information analysis tasks, interactive systems, interactive techniques, malleable information graphics, object set selection, selective dynamic manipulation, user action, visualizations


title:
VRMosaic: WEB access from within a virtual environment

abstract:
Virtual reality can aid in designing large and complex structures such as ships, skyscrapers, factories, and aircraft. But before VR can realize this potential, we need to solve a number of problems. One of these problems: the user's need to see and interact with non-geometric information is examined. Our VR environment, RealEyes, can display large-scale and detailed geometry at reasonable frame rates (<20 Hz) allowing a user to see and navigate within a design from a first person perspective. However, much (if not most) of the information associated with a particular design has no geometric representation. This includes information such as schematics of electrical, hydraulic, and plumbing systems; information describing materials or processes; and descriptive (textual) information of other types. Many researchers have developed a wealth of techniques for presenting such data on flat-screen displays, but until recently, we have not had a means for naturally displaying such information within a VR environment. To make non-geometric data more available, we have implemented a version of Mosaic that functions within a fully immersive VR system. Our system, VRMosaic, allows a user of VR to access and display most of the data available using flat screen Mosaic. Moreover, we have made it extensible to allow for the seamless integration of specialized forms of data and interaction. This paper describes how we implemented VRMosaic using a VR-capable version of Interviews, It also describes some Mosaic-like uses of that system and some "non-Mosaic-like" extensions.

keywords:
RealEyes, VR-capable Interviews, VRMosaic, Web access, computer displays, data visualisation, detailed geometry display, first person perspective, flat screen Mosaic, frame rates, fully immersive VR system, information networks, large-scale geometry display, nongeometric data, nongeometric information, virtual environment, virtual reality


title:
Visualizing the non-visual: spatial analysis and interaction with information from text documents

abstract:
The paper describes an approach to IV that involves spatializing text content for enhanced visual browsing and analysis. The application arena is large text document corpora such as digital libraries, regulations and procedures, archived reports, etc. The basic idea is that text content from these sources may be transformed to a spatial representation that preserves informational characteristics from the documents. The spatial representation may then be visually browsed and analyzed in ways that avoid language processing and that reduce the analysts mental workload. The result is an interaction with text that more nearly resembles perception and action with the natural world than with the abstractions of written language.

keywords:
action, archived reports, data visualisation, digital libraries, information interaction, information retrieval, informational characteristics, large text document corpora, libraries, library automation, natural world, nonvisual visualization, perception, procedures, regulations, spatial analysis, spatial representation, text content, text content spatialization, text documents, visual analysis, visual browsing, visual databases, word processing


title:
The information mural: a technique for displaying and navigating large information spaces

abstract:
Visualizations which depict entire information spaces provide context for navigation and browsing tasks; however, the limited size of the display screen makes creating effective global views difficult. We have developed a technique for displaying and navigating large information spaces. The key concept is the use of an information mural, a two-dimensional reduced representation of an entire information space that fits completely within a display window or screen. Information murals use grayscale shading and color along with anti-aliasing techniques to create a miniature version of the entire data set. By incorporating navigational capabilities, information murals become a tool that can be used as a global view along with more detailed informational displays. Information murals are utilized in our software visualization research to help depict the execution of object-oriented programs, and can also be used in more general information visualization applications.

keywords:
antialiasing, antialiasing techniques, browsing, color graphics, colour graphics, data visualisation, data visualization, display screen, global views, grayscale shading, information display, information mural, information navigation, large information spaces, object-oriented programming, object-oriented programs, software visualization, user interfaces, visual programming


title:
Case study: 3D displays of Internet traffic

abstract:
The explosive growth in world-wide communications, especially the Internet, has highlighted the need for techniques to visualize network traffic. The traditional node and link network displays work well for small datasets but become visually cluttered and uninterpretable for large datasets. A natural 3D metaphor for displaying world-wide network data is to position the nodes on a globe and draw arcs between them coding the traffic. This technique has several advantages of over the traditional 2D displays, it naturally reduces line crossing clutter, provides an intuitive model for navigation and indication of time, and retains the geographic context. Coupling these strengths with some novel interaction techniques involving the globe surface translucency and arc heights illustrates the usefulness for this class of displays.

keywords:
3D displays, Internet, Internet traffic, arc height, computer animation, data visualisation, geographic context, globe surface translucency, large data sets, line crossing clutter reduction, navigation, network traffic visualisation, stereo image processing, telecommunication computing, telecommunication traffic, time indicator, world-wide communications, world-wide network data


title:
Case study: fishing for information on the Internet

abstract:
As the Internet continues to grow, the amount of accessible information becomes increasingly vast. Search tools exist that allow users to find relevant information. However, a search can often produce such a large amount of data that it becomes hard to ferret out the most appropriate and highest quality information. In addition, some search tools lose valuable information when displaying the results to the user. The paper describes a search visualization tool, called FISH, for viewing hierarchically structured information and managing information overload. FISH (Forager for the Information Super Highway) allows users to visualize the results of search requests across large document spaces in a way that preserves the structure of the information space. FISH displays the returned documents as rectangles, using a combination of order, indentation, size, and color to denote document hierarchy, the score of the documents with respect to the search, and other data attributes. In addition, the user can navigate through the document space for in-depth probing and refinement.

keywords:
FISH search visualization tool, Internet, color, data attributes, data visualisation, document hierarch, hierarchically structured information viewing, indentation, information overload management, information retrieval, large document spaces, online front-ends, order, returned documents, search requests, search tools, size, user navigation


title:
Case study: Visualising cyberspace: information visualisation in the Harmony Internet browser

keywords:
Gopher spaces, Harmony Internet browser, Harmony client, Hyper-G Internet information system, Internet, WWW spaces, cyberspace visualisation, data models, data structures, data visualisation, hypermedia, information retrieval, information systems, information visualisation, location feedback, navigational facilities


title:
Case study: Narcissus: visualising information

abstract:
It is becoming increasingly important that support is provided for users who are dealing with complex information spaces. The need is driven by the growing number of domains where there is a requirement for users to understand, navigate and manipulate large sets of computer based data; by the increasing size and complexity of this information and by the pressures to use this information efficiently. The paradigmatic example is the World Wide Web, but other domains include software systems, information systems and concurrent engineering. One approach to providing this support is to provide sophisticated visualisation tools which lead the users to form an intuitive understanding of the structure and behaviour of their domain and which provide mechanisms which allow them to manipulate objects within their system. The paper describes such a tool and a number of visualisation techniques that it implements.

keywords:
Narcissus, World Wide Web, adaptive systems, complex information spaces, concurrent engineering, data manipulation, data visualisation, information networks, information retrieval, information systems, information visualisation, intuitive understanding, large computer based data sets, navigation, object manipulation, programming environments, self-adjusting systems, software systems, user support, virtual reality, visual programming, visualisation tools


title:
Case study: visualizing Internet resources

abstract:
The goal is to improve the ability of people from all walks of life and interests to access, search, and use the information distributed in Internet resources. The process of interacting with information resources starts with browsing, continues with digesting and assimilating pieces of information, terminates with generation of new information, and begins anew with analysis of pre-existing and new information. Our approach is user-centric-taking users needs into account by allowing them to interact with the information contained in large arrays of documents. The visualization process is an integral part of the overall process. We have covered three related categories in this methodology. The first one is browsing through the World-Wide Web (WWW) hyperspace without becoming lost, based on a visual representation of the hyperspace hierarchical structure (hyperspace view). The second category is overcoming the rigidity of the WWW by allowing the user to construct interactively and visually a personal hyperspace of information, linking the documents according to the application or problem domain, or to the user's own perception, experience, culture, or way of thinking. The third category includes discovery and analysis of new information and relationships in retrieved documents by aggregating relevant information and representing it visually.

keywords:
Internet, Internet resource visualisation, World-Wide Web hyperspace, browsing, data visualisation, document linking, documents, hyperspace hierarchical structure, information analysis, information resource interaction, information retrieval, new information analysis, new information discovery, personal information hyperspace, retrieved documents, user-centric approach, visual representation


title:
Case study: A WWW viewpoint on scientific visualization: an EPA case study for technology transfer

abstract:
The paper examines how to provide scientific visualization capabilities to environmental scientists, policy analysts and decision makers with personal computers (PCs) on their desktops. An approach for using the World Wide Web (WWW) for disseminating knowledge on scientific visualization and for intelligent access to visualization capabilities on high performance (UNIX) workstations is outlined.

keywords:
EPA case study, Internet, Unix, World Wide Web, data visualisation, decision makers, environmental science computing, environmental scientists, government data processing, high performance UNIX workstations, information dissemination, information retrieval, intelligent visualization capability access, knowledge dissemination, microcomputer applications, operating systems (computers), personal computers, policy analysts, public administration, scientific visualization capabilities, technology transfer, workstations


title:
Case study: an empirical investigation of thumbnail image recognition

abstract:
The use of thumbnails (i.e., miniatures) in the user-interface of image databases allows searching and selection of images without the need for naming policies. Treating parent images prior to reduction with edge-detecting smoothing, lossy image compression, or static codebook compression resulted in thumbnails where the distortion caused by reduction was lessened. An experiment assessing these techniques found resulting thumbnails could be recognised more quickly and accurately than thumbnails of the same parent images that had been reduced without treatment. This pretreatment in thumbnail creation is offered as an improvement.

keywords:
data compression, data visualisation, edge detection, edge-detecting smoothing, image coding, image databases, image reduction, image selection, lossy image compression, parent image treatment, searching, static codebook compression, thumbnail creation, thumbnail image recognition, user interface, user interfaces, visual databases


title:
Towards a generative theory of diagram design

abstract:
We describe the theoretical background for AVE, an automatic visualization engine for semantic networks. We have a functional notion of aesthetics and therefore understand meaningfulness as a central issue for information visualization. This implies that the diagrams should communicate the characteristics of the data as effectively as possible. In this generative theory of diagram design, we include data characterization, systematic use of graphical means of expression and the combination of graphical means of expression. After giving a brief introduction and an application scenario we discuss these aspects in detail. Finally, a process model of an automatic visualization process is sketched and directions for further research are outlined.

keywords:
AVE, CAD, aesthetics, automatic visualization engine, automatic visualization process, data characterization, data visualisation, diagram design, diagrams, information visualization, process model, semantic networks


abstract:
We present two novel visualisation tools: the Influence Explorer and the Prosection Matrix. These were specifically created to support engineering artifact design and similar tasks in which a set of parameter values must be chosen to lead to acceptable artifact performance. These tools combine two concepts. One is the interactive and virtually immediate responsive display of data in a manner conducive to the acquisition of insight. The other, involving the precalculation of samples of artifact performance, facilitates smooth exploration and optimisation leading to a design decision. The anticipated benefits of these visualisation tools are illustrated by an example taken from electronic circuit design, in which full account must be taken of the uncertainties in parameter values arising from inevitable variations in the manufacturing process.

keywords:
CAD, Influence Explorer, Prosection Matrix, circuit CAD, data visualisation, electronic circuit design, engineering artifact design, engineering graphics, functional design, interactive display, interactive systems, manufacturing process, optimisation, user interfaces, visualisation tools


title:
Research report: improving browsing in information by the automatic display layout

abstract:
It is well known that graphical representations could be very helpful to browse in graph structured information. But this promising approach requires the capability of an automatic layout system because the tedious and time consuming task of a manual layout leads to a rejection of this approach by the user. In our approach, we split the task of retrieving information into two phases that are getting the orientation within the network and reading currently visited information. We present layout algorithms for both phases which have the benefit of being flexible and adaptable to individual user requests and ensure the topological consistency, i.e. the stability of the topology of the information layout during a sequence of display layouts. The results show that especially the possibility of an animation of the layout process can assist the user essentially in maintaining the orientation in the information network.

keywords:
automatic display layout, automatic layout system, computer animation, display layouts, graph structured information, graphical representations, graphical user interfaces, human factors, information browsing, information network, information retrieval, layout algorithms, manual layout, time consuming, user model, user modelling, user requests


title:
Research report: information animation applications in the capital markets

abstract:
3D computer graphics can be extremely expressive. It is possible to display an entire securities market, like the S&P 500, on a single screen. With the correct approach to the visual design of the layout, these massive amounts of information can be quickly and easily comprehended by a human observer. By using motion and animated interaction, it is possible to use 3D as a reliable, accurate and precise decision-support tool. Information animation applications are particularly suited to the securities industry because that is where we find huge amounts of data, the value of which declines rapidly with time, and where critical decisions are being made on this data in very short periods of time. Information animation technology is an important new tool for the securities industry, where people need to be in the decision-making loop without suffering from information overload. Several examples are discussed including equity trading analytics, fixed income trading analytics and fixed-income risk viewing.

keywords:
3D computer graphics, capital markets, computer animation, data visualisation, decision support systems, decision-support tool, equity trading analytics, financial data processing, fixed income trading analytics, fixed-income risk viewing, information animation applications, risk management, securities industry, securities market, securities trading, three dimensional computer graphics, visual design


title:
Research report: Interacting with huge hierarchies: beyond cone trees

abstract:
The paper describes an implementation of a tool for visualizing and interacting with huge information hierarchies, and some preliminary empirical evaluation of the tool's efficacy. Existing systems for visualizing huge hierarchies using cone trees "break down" once the hierarchy to be displayed exceeds roughly 1000 nodes, due to increasing visual clutter. The paper describes a system called fsviz which visualizes arbitrarily large hierarchies while retaining user control. This is accomplished by augmenting cone trees with several graphical and interaction techniques: usage-based filtering, animated zooming, hand-coupled rotation, fish-eye zooming, coalescing of distant nodes, texturing, effective use of colour for depth cueing, and the applications of dynamic queries. The fsviz system also improves upon earlier cone tree visualization systems through a more elaborate node layout algorithm. This algorithm enhances the usefulness of cone tree visualization for large hierarchies by all but eliminating clutter.

keywords:
animated zooming, colour, computer animation, cone tree visualization systems, cone trees, data visualisation, depth cueing, distant node coalescence, dynamic queries, empirical evaluation, fish-eye zooming, fsviz, graphical techniques, hand-coupled rotation, huge hierarchies, huge information hierarchy interaction, huge information hierarchy visualisation, interaction techniques, node layout algorithm, texturing, tool efficacy, tree data structures, usage-based filtering, user control, visual clutter


title:
Research report: DataSpace: 3-D visualizations of large databases

abstract:
DataSpace is a system for interactive 3-D visualization and analysis of large databases. DataSpace utilizes the display space by placing panels of information, possibly generated by different visualization applications, in a 3-D graph layout, and providing continuous navigation facilities. Selective rearrangements and transparency can be used to reduce occlusion or to compare or merge a set of images (e.g. line graphs or scatter plots) that are aligned and stacked in depth. A prototype system supporting the basic 3-D graphic operations (layout, zoom, rotation, translation, transparency) has been implemented. We provide several illustrative examples of DataSpace displays taken from the current system. We present the 3-D display paradigm, describe the query, layout and rendering steps required to create a display, and discuss some performance issues.

keywords:
3D graph layout, 3D graphic operations, DataSpace, computer displays, continuous navigation facilities, data analysis, data visualisation, display space, image comparison, image merging, information panels, interactive 3D visualization, large database analysis, large databases, layout step, performance issues, query processing, query step, rendering step, selective rearrangements, transparency, very large databases


title:
Minimally-immersive interactive volumetric information visualization

abstract:
This paper describes a minimally immersive volumetric interactive system for information visualization. The system, SFA, uses glyph-based volume rendering, enabling more information attributes to be visualized than traditional 2D and surface-based information visualization systems. Two-handed interaction and stereoscopic viewing combine to produce a minimally immersive interactive system that enhances the user's three-dimensional perception of the information space, capitalizing on the human visual system's pre-attentive learning capabilities to quickly analyze the displayed information. The paper describes the usefulness of this system for the visualization of document similarity within a corpus of textual documents. SFA allows the three-dimensional volumetric visualization, manipulation, navigation, and analysis of multivariate, time-varying information spaces, increasing the quantity and clarity of information conveyed from the visualization as compared to traditional 2D information systems.

keywords:
2D information visualization, SFA, data visualisation, document similarity, glyph-based volume rendering, human visual system, hypertext, information attributes, information visualization, minimally immersive volumetric interactive system, multivariate time-varying information, navigation, stereoscopic viewing, surface-based information visualization, textual documents, three-dimensional perception, three-dimensional volumetric visualization, two-handed interaction, user learning


title:
Interactive visualization of multiway tables

abstract:
Many business data visualization applications involve large databases with dozens of fields and millions of rows. Interactive visualization of these databases is difficult because of the large amount of data involved. We present a method of summarizing large databases which is well suited to interactive visualization. We illustrate this with a visualization tool for the domain of call billing data.

keywords:
business data visualization applications, database summarizing, interactive systems, interactive visualization, large databases, multiway tables, telephone call billing data, visualization tool


title:
FINESSE: a financial information spreadsheet

abstract:
We outline a spreadsheet-based system for visualization of real-time financial information. Our system permits the user to define arithmetic and presentation relationships amongst the various cells of the spreadsheet. The cells contain primitives that can be numbers, text, images, functions and graphics. Presenting financial information in this format allows its intended clients, the financial analysts, to work in the familiar environment of a spreadsheet and allows them the flexibility afforded by the powerful interface of the spreadsheet paradigm. In addition, our system permits real-time visualization of the financial data stream allowing its user to visually trade the changing market trends in two and three dimensions.

keywords:
FINESSE, arithmetic, data visualization, financial data processing, financial information spreadsheet, functions, graphics, images, information presentation, market trends, numbers, presentation, real-time financial information, spreadsheet cells, text, three dimensions, two dimensions, user interface


title:
Animating multidimensional scaling to visualize N-dimensional data sets

abstract:
Many techniques have been developed for visualizing multivariate (multidimensional) data. Most, if not all, are limited by the number of dimensions which can be effectively displayed. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is an iterative non-linear technique for projecting n-D data down to a lower number of dimensions. This work presents extensions to MDS that enhance visualization of high-dimensional data sets. These extensions include animation, stochastic perturbation, and flow visualization techniques.

keywords:
N-dimensional data set visualization, computer animation, flow visualization, high-dimensional data sets, iterative nonlinear technique, multidimensional data, multidimensional scaling animation, multivariate data, stochastic perturbation


title:
Dual multiresolution HyperSlice for multivariate data visualization

abstract:
We present a new multiresolution visualization design which allows a user to control the physical data resolution as well as the logical display resolution of multivariate data. A system prototype is described which uses the HyperSlice representation. The notion of space projection in multivariate data is introduced. This process is coupled with wavelets to form a powerful tool for very large data visualization.

keywords:
HyperSlice representation, data resolution, data visualisation, logical display resolution, multiresolution visualization design, multivariate data visualization, space projection, system prototype, very large data visualization, wavelets


title:
Towards rich information landscapes for visualising structured Web spaces

abstract:
The Harmony browser for the Hyper-G Web server utilises Hyper-G's rich data model to provide a number of tightly-coupled, two- and three-dimensional visualisation and navigational facilities. In particular the Harmony Information Landscape visualises the hierarchical structure of Hyper-G spaces upon a plane in three-dimensional space. The Harmony Information Landscape has now been extended to display a combined structure and link map by selectively superimposing hyperlink relationships in the vertical dimension above and below the hierarchy map. In addition, documents returned by search queries may be selectively "plotted" in the landscape, indicating their whereabouts in a broader context, and several sets of 3D icons are available for representing the various document types.

keywords:
3D icons, Harmony Information Landscape, Harmony browser, Hyper-G Web server, Internet, data model, document representation, hierarchical structure, hierarchy map, hyperlink, link map, navigational facilities, search queries, three dimensional icons, three-dimensional visualisation


title:
Visualizing the results of multimedia Web search engines

abstract:
Search engines are very useful because they allow the user to retrieve documents of interest from the World-Wide Web. However, if the user's query results in lots of records to be retrieved, just listing the results is not very user-friendly. We are developing a system that allows the visualization of the results. Visualizations of both text and image search are generated on the fly based on the search results.

keywords:
Internet, World Wide Web, data visualization, document retrieval, image search, multimedia Web search engines, online front-ends, query processing, text search, user friendly


title:
Techniques for non-linear magnification transformations

abstract:
This paper presents efficient methods for implementing general non-linear magnification transformations. Techniques are provided for: combining linear and non-linear magnifications, constraining the domain of magnifications, combining multiple transformations, and smoothly interpolating between magnified and normal views. In addition, piecewise linear methods are introduced which allow greater efficiency and expressiveness than their continuous counterparts.

keywords:
data visualisation, domain constraint, efficiency, expressiveness, magnifications combination, multiple transformations combination, nonlinear magnification transformations, normal views, piecewise linear methods, smooth interpolation


title:
Selection: 524,288 ways to say "this is interesting"

abstract:
Visualization is a critical technology for understanding complex, data-rich systems. Effective visualizations make important features of the data immediately recognizable and enable the user to discover interesting and useful results by highlighting patterns. A key element of such systems is the ability to interact with displays of data by selecting a subset for further investigation. This operation is needed for use in linked-views systems and in drill-down analysis. It is a common manipulation in many other systems. It is as ubiquitous as selecting icons in a desktop GUI. It is therefore surprising to note that little research has been done on how selection can be implemented. This paper addresses this omission, presenting a taxonomy for selection mechanisms and discussing the interactions between branches of the taxonomy. Our suggestion of 524,288 possible systems [2/sup 16/ operation systems/spl times/2 (memory/memoryless)/spl times/2 (data-dependent/independent)/spl times/2 (brush/lasso)] is more in fun than serious, as within the taxonomy there are many different choices that can be made. This framework is the result of considering both the current state of the art and historical antecedents.

keywords:
complex data-rich systems, data displays, data manipulation, data subset selection, data visualisation, data visualization, desktop GUI, drill-down analysis, icon selection, interesting results, linked-views systems, operation systems, pattern highlighting, recognizable data features, selection mechanism taxonomy


title:
Distortion viewing techniques for 3-dimensional data

abstract:
As the use of 3D information presentation becomes more prevalent, the need for effective viewing tools grows accordingly. Much work has been done in developing tools for 2D spaces which allow for detail in context views. We examine the extension of such 2D methods to 3D and explore the limitations encountered in accessing internal regions of the data with these methods. We then describe a novel solution to this problem of internal access with the introduction of a distortion function which creates a clear line of sight to the focus revealing sections previously obscured. The distortion is symmetric about the line of sight and is smoothly integrated back into the original 3D layout.

keywords:
3D information presentation, 3D interaction, context views, detail, distortion viewing techniques, focus, information visualization, internal access, internal data regions, line of sight, screen layout, smooth integration, symmetric distortion function, three-dimensional displays, user interface design, user interface metaphors


abstract:
This paper describes our work on visualizing the information of a tennis match. We use competition trees to organize the information of a tennis match and visualize the competition trees by the top-nesting layered maps with translucent colored layers. We create iconic representations to describe the detailed information of athletic events in an intuitive manner. Specialized views of the information are displayed by applying multiple Magic Lens filters on the top-nesting layered maps. The dynamic nature of the tennis match is depicted by the time-varying display. The approach we present in this paper can be used to visualize other sports information, information with competition property, or information with hierarchical structure.

keywords:
athletic events, competition property, iconic representations, tennis match, top-nesting layered maps, tree data structures, visualizing


title:
DEPICT: Documents Evaluated as Pictures. Visualizing information using context vectors and self-organizing maps

abstract:
HNC Software, Inc. has developed a system called DEPICT for visualizing the information content of large textual corpora. The system is built around two separate neural network methodologies: context vectors and self-organizing maps. Context vectors (CVs) are high dimensional information representations that encode the semantic content of the textual entities they represent. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) are capable of transforming an input, high dimensional signal space into a much lower (usually two or three) dimensional output space useful for visualization. Neither process requires human intervention, nor an external knowledge base. Together, these neural network techniques can be utilized to automatically identify the relevant information themes present in a corpus, and present those themes to the user in a intuitive visual form.

keywords:
DEPICT, context vectors, data visualisation, documents evaluated as pictures, information representations, self organizing maps, textual corpora, textual entities, visualization, visualizing information


title:
Geospatial metadata querying and visualization on the WWW using Java/sup TM/ applets

abstract:
This paper presents the query and visualization interfaces of the Master Environmental Library (MEL) system. MEL uses the World Wide Web (WWW) to make accessible distributed data whose metadata conform to the Federal Geographic Data Committee's (FGDC) content standards for digital geospatial metadata. The interfaces are implemented as Java/sup TM/ applets and are more intuitive, interactive and possess greater functionality than their Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) counterparts. As well as querying, the interface allows users to visualize and manage the list of query results so that users can more quickly discover the datasets of real interest. Several new tools used to visualize attributes of the metadata are presented.

keywords:
Federal Geographic Data Committee, HTML, Hypertext Markup Language, Java applets, Master Environmental Library system, WWW, World Wide Web, content standards, datasets, distributed data access, geospatial metadata querying, geospatial metadata visualization, interactive system, visual databases


abstract:
Our approach to testing graphical user interfaces involves logging large amounts of data. These logs capture information at the key press and mouse click level about how an application is used. Since the raw data is voluminous and not at a useful level of detail, we use analysis and visualization to find information that is interesting and useful to a usability analyst but was previously buried in the data. We call some of our custom visualizations "contextual" meaning they use key elements of the context the data was collected in as an organizing structure. We expect this type of visualization to be easier and faster to understand and more helpful than traditional charts. We hope that our finding a natural geometry for these visualizations will inspire others whose data apparently has no inherent geometry to find natural ways to visualize their data.

keywords:
charts, custom visualizations, data analysis, data logging, data visualisation, geometry, graphical user interface testing, key press, mouse click, organizing structure, usability analysis, usability log data visualisation


title:
Visualizing the global topology of the MBone

abstract:
We present a case study of visualizing the global topology of the Internet MBone. The MBone is the Internet's multicast backbone. Multicast is the most efficient way of distributing data from one sender to multiple receivers with minimal packet duplication. Developed and initially deployed by researchers within the Internet community, the MBone has been extremely popular for efficient transmission across the Internet of real-time video and audio streams such as conferences, meetings, congressional sessions, and NASA shuttle launches. The MBone, like the Internet itself grew exponentially with no central authority. The resulting suboptimal topology is of growing concern to network providers and the multicast research community. We create a geographic representation of the tunnel structure as arcs on a globe by resolving the latitude and longitude of MBone routers. The interactive 3D maps permit an immediate understanding of the global structure unavailable from the data in its original form as lines of text with only hostnames and IP addresses. Data visualization techniques such as grouping and thresholding allow further analysis of specific aspects of the MBone topology. We distribute the interactive 3D maps through the World-Wide Web using the VRML file format thus allowing network maintainers throughout the world to analyze the structure move effectively than would be possible with still pictures or pre-made videos.

keywords:
IP addresses, Internet, Internet MBone, MBone routers, MBone topology visualisation, NASA shuttle launches, VRML, World-Wide Web, case study, conferences, congressional sessions, data visualization, geographic representation, hostnames, interactive 3D maps, meetings, minimal packet duplication, multicast backbone, multiple receivers, real-time audio, real-time video, suboptimal topology, tunnel structure


title:
Data characterization for automatically visualizing heterogeneous information

abstract:
Automated graphical generation systems should be able to design effective presentations for heterogeneous (quantitative and qualitative) information in static or interactive environments. When building such a system, it is important to thoroughly understand the presentation-related characteristics of domain-specific information. We define a data-analysis taxonomy that can be used to characterize heterogeneous information. In addition to capturing the presentation-related properties of data, our characterization takes into account the user's information-seeking goals and visual-interpretation preferences. We use automatically-generated examples from two different application domains to demonstrate the coverage of the proposed taxonomy and its utility for selecting effective graphical techniques.

keywords:
application domains, automated graphical generation systems, automatic visualization, automatically-generated examples, data analysis taxonomy, data characterization, data visualisation, domain-specific information, graphical technique selection, heterogeneous information, interactive environments, presentation-related characteristics, presentations design, qualitative information, quantitative information, static environments, user information-seeking goals, visual interpretation preferences


title:
Visage: a user interface environment for exploring information

abstract:
Visage is a prototype user interface environment for exploring and analyzing information. It represents an approach to coordinating multiple visualizations, analysis and presentation tools in data-intensive domains. Visage is based on an information-centric approach to user interface design which strives to eliminate impediments to direct user access to information objects across applications and visualizations. Visage consists of a set of data manipulation operations, an intelligent system for generating a wide variety of data visualizations (SAGE) and a briefing tool that supports the conversion of visual displays used during exploration into interactive presentation slides. This paper presents the user interface components and styles of interaction that are central to Visage's information-centric approach.

keywords:
SAGE, Visage, briefing tool, data manipulation operations, data-intensive domains, direct user access, information analysis, information exploration, information-centric approach, intelligent system, interaction styles, interactive presentation slides, multiple data visualizations, presentation tools, user interface design, user interface environment, user interface management systems, visual display conversion


title:
Rapid prototyping of information visualizations using VANISH

abstract:
Discusses a software tool called VANISH (Visualizing And Navigating Information Structured Hierarchically), which supports the rapid prototyping of interactive 2D and 3D information visualizations. VANISH supports rapid prototyping through a special-purpose visual language called VaPL (VANISH Programming Language) tailored for visualizations, through a software architecture that insulates visualization-specific code from changes in both the domain being visualized and the presentation toolkit used, and through the reuse of visualization techniques between application domains. The generality of VANISH is established by showing how it is able to re-create a wide variety of "standard" visualization techniques. VANISH's support for prototyping is shown through an extended example, where we build a C++ class browser, exploring many visualization alternatives in the process.

keywords:
C++ class browser, VANISH, VaPL, application domains, hierarchically structured information, information navigation, interactive information visualization, presentation toolkit, rapid prototyping, software architecture, software prototyping, software tool, visual language, visualization techniques reuse, visualization-specific code


title:
On the semantics of interactive visualizations

abstract:
Interactive techniques are powerful tools for manipulating visualizations to analyze, communicate and acquire information. This is especially true for large data sets or complex 3D visualizations. Although many new types of interaction have been introduced recently, very little work has been done on understanding what their components are, how they are related and how they can be combined. This paper begins to address these issues with a framework for classifying interactive visualizations. Our goal is a framework that will enable us to develop toolkits for assembling visualization interfaces both interactively and automatically.

keywords:
automatic presentation systems, complex 3D visualizations, graphics, information acquisition, information analysis, information communication, interactive systems, interactive visualization, large data sets, semantics, visualization interface construction toolkits


abstract:
We describe a method for the visualization of information units on spherical domains which is employed in the banking industry for risk analysis, stock prediction and other tasks. The system is based on a quantification of the similarity of related objects that governs the parameters of a mass-spring system. Unlike existing approaches we initialize all information units onto the inner surface of two concentric spheres and attach them with springs to the outer sphere. Since the spring stiffnesses correspond to the computed similarity measures, the system converges into an energy minimum which reveals multidimensional relations and adjacencies in terms of spatial neighborhoods. Depending on the application scenario our approach supports different topological arrangements of related objects. In order to cope with large data sets we propose a blobby clustering mechanism that enables encapsulation of similar objects by implicit shapes. In addition, we implemented various interaction techniques allowing semantic analysis of the underlying data sets. Our prototype system IVORY is written in JAVA, and its versatility is illustrated by an example from financial service providers.

keywords:
information visualization, physically-based systems, multidimensional information space, hierarchies, blobby clustering


title:
Adaptive information visualization based on the user's multiple viewpoints-interactive 3D visualization of the WWW

abstract:
We introduce the adaptive information visualization method for hypermedia and the WWW based on the user's multiple viewpoints. We propose two graphical interfaces, the CVI and the RF-Cone. The CVI is the interface for interactive viewpoint selection. We can select a viewpoint reflecting our interests by using the CVI. According to the given viewpoint, the RF-Cone adaptively organizes the 3D representation of the hypermedia so that we can understand the semantic and structural relationship of the hypermedia and easily retrieve the information. Combining these methods, we have developed the WWW visualization system which can provide highly efficient navigation.

keywords:
CVI, Internet, RF-Cone, World Wide Web, adaptive information visualization method, data visualisation, graphical user interfaces, hypermedia, information retrieval, interactive 3D visualization, interactive viewpoint selection, multiple viewpoints, semantic relationship, structural relationship


title:
A spreadsheet approach to information visualization

abstract:
In information visualization, as the volume and complexity of the data increases, researchers require more powerful visualization tools that enable them to more effectively explore multidimensional datasets. We discuss the general utility of a novel visualization spreadsheet framework. Just as a numerical spreadsheet enables exploration of numbers, a visualization spreadsheet enables exploration of visual forms of information. We show that the spreadsheet approach facilitates certain information visualization tasks that are more difficult using other approaches. Unlike traditional spreadsheets, which store only simple data elements and formulas in each cell, a visualization spreadsheet cell can hold an entire complex data set, selection criteria, viewing specifications, and other information needed for a full-fledged information visualization. Similarly, inter-cell operations are far more complex, stretching beyond simple arithmetic and string operations to encompass a range of domain-specific operators. We have built two prototype systems that illustrate some of these research issues. The underlying approach in our work allows domain experts to define new data types and data operations, and enables visualization experts to incorporate new visualizations, viewing parameters, and view operations.

keywords:
complex data set, data complexity, data operations, data types, domain-specific operators, information visualization, inter-cell operations, multidimensional datasets, prototype systems, selection criteria, spreadsheet approach, spreadsheet programs, view operations, viewing parameters, viewing specifications


title:
H3: laying out large directed graphs in 3D hyperbolic space

abstract:
We present the H3 layout technique for drawing large directed graphs as node-link diagrams in 3D hyperbolic space. We can lay out much larger structures than can be handled using traditional techniques for drawing general graphs because we assume a hierarchical nature of the data. We impose a hierarchy on the graph by using domain-specific knowledge to find an appropriate spanning tree. Links which are not part of the spanning tree do not influence the layout but can be selectively drawn by user request. The volume of hyperbolic 3-space increases exponentially, as opposed to the familiar geometric increase of euclidean 3-space. We exploit this exponential amount of room by computing the layout according to the hyperbolic metric. We optimize the cone tree layout algorithm for 3D hyperbolic space by placing children on a hemisphere around the cone mouth instead of on its perimeter. Hyperbolic navigation affords a Focus+Context view of the structure with minimal visual clutter. We have successfully laid out hierarchies of over 20,000 nodes. Our implementation accommodates navigation through graphs too large to be rendered interactively by allowing the user to explicitly prune or expand subtrees.

keywords:
3D hyperbolic space, H3 layout technique, cone tree layout algorithm, data visualization, directed graphs, domain-specific knowledge, euclidean 3-space, graph drawing, hierarchical data, hyperbolic navigation, large directed graphs, node-link diagrams, optimization, spanning tree, subtree pruning, visual clutter


title:
Metrics for effective information visualization

abstract:
Metrics for information visualization will help designers create and evaluate 3D information visualizations. Based on experience from 60+ 3D information visualizations, the metrics we propose are: number of data points and data density; number of dimensions and cognitive overhead; occlusion percentage; and reference context and percentage of identifiable points.

keywords:
3D information visualization, cognitive overhead, data density, data points, data visualisation, design, dimensions, identifiable points, information visualization metrics, occlusion, reference context


abstract:
The display of multivariate datasets in parallel coordinates, transforms the search for relations among the variables into a 2-D pattern recognition problem. This is the basis for the application to visual data mining. The knowledge discovery process together with some general guidelines are illustrated on a dataset from the production of a VLSI chip. The special strength of parallel coordinates is in modeling relations. As an example, a simplified economic model is constructed with data from various economic sectors of a real country. The visual model shows the interelationship and dependencies between the sectors, circumstances where there is competition for the same resource, and feasible economic policies. Interactively, the model can be used to do trade-off analyses, discover sensitivities, do approximate optimization, monitor (as in a process) and provide decision support.

keywords:
2D pattern recognition problem, VLSI chip, approximate optimization, competition, data visualisation, decision support, economic model, economic policies, economic sectors, knowledge discovery, modeling relations, monitoring, multidimensional detective, multivariate dataset display, parallel coordinates, trade-off analyses, visual data mining


title:
The structure of the information visualization design space

abstract:
Research on information visualization has reached the point where a number of successful point designs have been proposed and a variety of techniques have been discovered. It is now appropriate to describe and analyze portions of the design space so as to understand the differences among designs and to suggest new possibilities. This paper proposes an organization of the information visualization literature and illustrates it with a series of examples. The result is a framework for designing new visualizations and augmenting existing designs.

keywords:
data visualisation, information visualization design space, information visualization literature, morphological analysis, point designs, research, taxonomy, user interfaces


title:
Coordinating declarative queries with a direct manipulation data exploration environment

abstract:
Interactive visualization techniques allow data exploration to be a continuous process, rather than a discrete sequence of queries and results as in traditional database systems. However limitations in expressive power of current visualization systems force users to go outside the system and form a new dataset in order to perform certain operations, such as those involving the relationship among multiple objects. Further, there is no support for integrating data from the new dataset into previous visualizations, so users must recreate them. Visage's information centric paradigm provides an architectural hook for linking data across multiple queries, removing this overhead. This paper describes the addition to Visage of a visual query language, called VQE, which allows users to express more complicated queries than in previous interactive visualization systems. Visualizations can be created from queries and vice versa. When either is updated, the other changes to maintain consistency.

keywords:
VQE, Visage, consistency, data analysis, data exploration environment, database systems, dataset, declarative queries, direct manipulation, graphical user interfaces, information centric paradigm, interactive visualization, multiple objects, query processing, visual query language


title:
Design and Evaluation of Incremental Data Structures and Algorithms for Dynamic Query Interfaces

abstract:
Dynamic query interfaces (DQIs) are a recently developed database access mechanism that provides continuous real-time feedback to the user during query formulation. Previous work shows that DQIs are an elegant and powerful interface to small databases. Unfortunately, when applied to large databases, previous DQI algorithms slow to a crawl. We present a new incremental approach to DQI algorithms and display updates that works well with large databases, both in theory and in practice.

keywords:
Data Structure, Algorithm, Database, User Interface, Information Visualization, Direct Manipulation, and Dynamic Query


title:
Research Report: Volume Rendering for Relational Data

abstract:
A method for efficiently volume rendering dense scatterplots of relational data is described. Plotting difficulties that arise from large numbers of data points, categorical variables, interaction with non-axis dimensions, and unknown values, are addressed by this method. The domain of the plot is voxelized using binning and then volume rendered. Since a table is used as the underlying data structure, no storage is wasted on regions with no data. The opacity of each voxel is a function of the number of data points in a corresponding bin. A voxel's color is derived by averaging the value of one of the variables for all the data points that fall in a bin. Other variables in the data may be mapped to external query sliders. A dragger object permits a user to select regions inside the volume.

keywords:
information visualization, multivariate data, relational data, scatterplot, volume rendering


title:
Domesticating Bead: adapting an information visualization system to a financial institution

abstract:
The Bead visualization system employs a fast algorithm for laying out high-dimensional data in a low-dimensional space, and a number of features added to 3D visualizations to improve imageability. We describe recent work on both aspects of the system, in particular a generalization of the data types laid out and the implementation of imageability features in a 2D visualization tool. The variety of data analyzed in a financial institution such as UBS, and the ubiquity of spreadsheets as a medium for analysis, led us to extend our layout tools to handle data in a generic spreadsheet format. We describe the metrics of similarity used for this data type, and give examples of layouts of sets of records of financial trades. Conservatism and scepticism with regard to 3D visualization, along with the lack of functionality of widely available 3D web browsers, led to the development of a 2D visualization tool with refinements of a number of our imageability features.

keywords:
2D visualization tool, 3D visualizations, 3D web browsers, Bead visualization system, UBS, data analysis, data types, data visualisation, financial institution, high-dimensional data layout, information visualization system, low-dimensional space, similarity metrics, spreadsheets


title:
On Integrating Visualization Techniques for Effective Software Exploration

abstract:
This paper describes the SHriMP visualization technique for seamlessly exploring software structure and browsing source code, with a focus on effectively assisting hybrid program comprehension strategies. The technique integrates both pan+zoom and fisheye-view visualization approaches for exploring a nested graph view of software structure. The fisheye-view approach handles multiple focal points, which are necessary when examining several subsystems and their mutual interconnections. Source code is presented by embedding code fragments within the nodes of the nested graph. Finer connections among these fragments are represented by a network that is navigated using a hypertext link-following metaphor. SHriMP combines this hypertext metaphor with animated panning and zooming motions over the nested graph to provide continuous orientation and contextual cues for the user. The SHriMP tool is currently being evaluated in several user studies. Observations of users performing program understanding tasks with the tool are discussed.

keywords:
Nested graphs, pan and zoom, fisheye views, hypertext,mental map, software visualization, program understanding


title:
Cacti: a front end for program visualization

abstract:
We describe a system that allows the user to rapidly construct program visualizations over a variety of data sources. Such a system is a necessary foundation for using visualization as an aid to software understanding. The system supports an arbitrary set of data sources so that information from both static and dynamic analysis can be combined to offer meaningful software visualizations. It provides the user with a visual universal-relation front end that supports the definition of queries over multiple data sources without knowledge of the structure or contents of the sources. It uses a flexible back end with a range of different visualizations, most geared to the efficient display of large amounts of data. The result is a high-quality, easy-to-define program visualization that can address specific problems and hence is useful for software understanding. The overall system is flexible and extensible in that both the underlying data model and the set of visualizations are defined in resource files.

keywords:
Cacti, data model, data sources, data visualisation, dynamic analysis, high-quality, multiple data sources, program visualization front end, queries, resource files, software understanding, static analysis, visual universal-relation front end


title:
Managing Software with New Visual Representations

abstract:
Managing large projects is a very challenging task requiring the tracking and scheduling of many resources. Although new technologies have made it possible to automatically collect data on project resources, it is very difficult to access this data because of its size and lack of structure. We present three novel glyphs for simplifying this process and apply them to visualizing statistics from a multi-million line software project. These glyphs address four important needs in project management: 1) Viewing time dependent data; 2) Managing large data volumes; 3) Dealing with diverse data types and 4) Correspondence of data to "real-world" concepts.


title:
Managing multiple focal levels in Table Lens

abstract:
The Table Lens, focus+context visualization for large data tables, allows users to see 100 times as many data values as a spreadsheet in the same screen space in a manner that enables an extremely immediate form of exploratory data analysis. In the original Table Lens design, data are shown in the context area using graphical representations in a single pixel row. Scaling up the Table Lens technique beyond approximately 500 cases (rows) by 40 variables (columns) requires not showing every value individually and thus raises challenges for preserving the exploratory and navigational ease and power of the original design. We describe two design enhancements for introducing regions of less than a pixel row for each data value and discuss the issues raised by each.

keywords:
Table Lens, context visualization, data values, data visualisation, design enhancements, exploratory data analysis, focus visualization, graphical representations, large data tables, multiple focal level management, screen space, single pixel row, spreadsheet, user interface


abstract:
We introduce nonlinear magnification fields as an abstract representation of nonlinear magnification, providing methods for converting transformation routines to magnification fields and vice-versa. This new representation provides ease of manipulation and power of expression. By removing the restrictions of explicit foci and allowing precise specification of magnification values, we can achieve magnification effects which were not previously possible. Of particular interest are techniques we introduce for expressing complex and subtle magnification effects through magnification brushing, and allowing intrinsic properties of the data being visualized to create data-driven magnifications.


title:
Evaluating a Visualization of Image Similarity as a Tool for Image Browsing

abstract:
A similarity metric based on the low-level content of images can be used to create a visualization in which visually similar images are displayed close to each other. We are carrying out a series of experiments to evaluate the usefulness of this type of visualization as an image browsing aid. The initial experiment, described in this paper, considered whether people would find a given photograph more quickly in a visualization than in a randomly arranged grid of images. The results show that the subjects were faster with the visualization, although in post-experiment interviews many of them said that they preferred the clarity and regularity of the grid. We describe an algorithm with which the best aspects of the two layout types can be combined.


title:
Does Animation Help Users Build Mental Maps of Spatial Information?

abstract:
We examine how animating a viewpoint change in a spatial information system affects a user's ability to build a mental map of the information in the space. We found that animation improves users' ability to reconstruct the information space, with no penalty on task performance time. We believe that this study provides strong evidence for adding animated transitions in many applications with fixed spatial data where the user navigates around the data space.

keywords:
Evaluation, animation, real-time computer graphics, Zoomable User Interfaces (ZUIs), multiscale interfaces, Pad++


title:
Domain Analysis: A Technique to Design a User-Centered Visualization Framework

abstract:
Domain Analysis for Data Visualization (DADV) is a technique to use when investigating a domain where data visualizations are going to be designed and added to existing software systems. DADV was used to design the data visualization in VisEIO-LCA, which is a framework to visualize environmental data about products.Most of the visualizations are designed using the following stages: formatting data in tables, selecting visual structures, and rendering the data on the screen. Although many visualizations authors perform implicit domain analysis, in this paper domain analysis is added explicitly to the process of designing visualizations with the goal of producing more usable software tools. Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used as a test bed for this technique.


title:
A Framework for Focus+Context Visualization

abstract:
This paper aims to give a systematic account of focus+context visualization techniques. i.e. visualizations which aim to give users integrated visual access to details and context in a data set. We introduce the notion that there are different orders of information visualization, with focus+context being a second-order visualization and provide a formal framework for describing and constructing focus+context visualizations.

keywords:
Focus+context visualization, information visualization,fisheye views, formal methods, theory


title:
3D Interactive Visualization for Inter-Cell Dependencies of Spreadsheets

abstract:
This paper proposes a new interactive visualization technique to show spreadsheet structures intelligibly. In this way, the system firstly visualizes a spreadsheet on a plane in three-dimensional space, and draws arcs between interrelated cells. By allowing a user to select an arbitrary cell and lift it up with direct manipulation, the system utilizes the third dimension to ameliorate visual occlusion of crossing arcs. As the user lifts a focused cell up, the interrelated cells are lifted up together; thus hidden data-flow networks can be visually intelligible interactively. Because spreadsheets intend to calculation itself rather than appearances of outputs, their mechanism is relatively invisible and not obvious for ordinary users. Our visualization helps such users to understand structures and mechanism of spreadsheets.

keywords:
3-d user interfaces, Natto View, information visualization, inter-cell dependencies, lifting-up operation, spreadsheets


title:
Dynamic Hierarchy Specification and Visualization

abstract:
This paper describes concepts that underlie the design and implementation of an information exploration system that allows users to impose arbitrary hierarchical organizations on their data. Such hierarchies allow a user to embed important semantic information into the hierarchy definition. Our goal is to recognize the significance of this implicit information and to utilize it in the hierarchy visualization. The innovative features of our system include the dynamic modification of the hierarchy definitions and the definition and implementation of a set of layout algorithms that utilize semantic information implicit in the tree construction.


title:
Navigating Hierarchies with Structure-Based Brushes

abstract:
Interactive selection is a critical component in exploratory visualization, allowing users to isolate subsets of the displayed information for highlighting, deleting, analysis, or focussed investigation. Brushing, a popular method for implementing the selection process, has traditionally been performed in either screen space or data space. In this paper, we introduce the concept of a structure-based brush, which can be used to perform selection in hierarchically structured data sets. Our structure-based brush allows users to navigate hierarchies by specifying focal extents and level-of-detail on a visual representation of the structure. Proximity-based coloring, which maps similar colors to data that are closely related within the structure, helps convey both structural relationships and anomalies. We describe the design and implementation of our structure-based brushing tool. We also validate its usefulness using two distinct hierarchical visualization techniques, namely hierarchical parallel coordinates and tree-maps.

keywords:
Brushing, hierarchical representation, interactive selection,exploratory data analysis


title:
Cushion Treemaps: Visualization of Hierarchical Information

abstract:
A new method is presented for the visualization of hierarchical information, such as directory structures and organization structures. Cushion treemaps inherit the elegance of standard treemaps: compact, space-filling displays of hierarchical information, based on recursive subdivision of a rectangular image space. Intuitive shading is used to provide insight in the hierarchical structure.During the subdivision ridges are added per rectangle, which are rendered with a simple shading model. The result is a surface that consists of recursive cushions. The method is efficient, effective, easy to use and implement, and has a wide applicability.

keywords:
Information Visualization, Tree Visualization, Treemaps


title:
Cluster and Calendar Based Visualization of Time Series Data

abstract:
A new method is presented to get insight into univariate time series data. The problem addressed here is how to identify patterns and trends on multiple time scales (days, weeks, seasons) simultaneously. The solution presented is to cluster similar daily data patterns, and to visualize the average patterns as graphs and the corresponding days on a calendar. This presentation provides a quick insight into both standard and exceptional patterns. Furthermore, it is well suited to interactive exploration. Two applications, numbers of employees present and energy consumption, are presented.

keywords:
Cluster Analysis, Information Visualization, Time Series Data


title:
Sensemaking of Evolving Web Sites Using Visualization Spreadsheets

abstract:
In the process of knowledge discovery, workers examine available information in order to make sense of it. By sensemaking, we mean interacting with and operating on the information with a variety of information processing mechanisms [3,18]. Previously, we introduced a concept that uses the spreadsheet metaphor with cells containing visualizations of complex data. In this paper, we extend and apply a cognitive model called "visual sensemaking" to the Visualization Spreadsheet. We use the task of making sense of a large Web site as a concrete example through out the paper for demonstration. Using a variety of visualization techniques, such as the Disk Tree and Cone Tree, we show that the interactions of the Visualization Spreadsheet help users draw conclusions from the overall relationships of the entire information set.

keywords:
Information visualization, Spreadsheet, Sensemaking, World Wide Web, Information ecologies, Log file analysis


title:
Visualizing Application Behavior on Superscalar Processors

abstract:
The advent of superscalar processors with out-of-order execution makes it increasingly difficult to determine how well an application is utilizing the processor and how to adapt the application to improve its performance. In this paper, we describe a visualization system for the analysis of application behavior on superscalar processors. Our system provides an overview-plus-detail display of the application's execution. A timeline view of pipeline performance data shows the overall utilization of the pipeline. This information is displayed using multiple time scales, enabling the user to drill down from a high-level application overview to a focus region of hundreds of cycles. This region of interest is displayed in detail using an animated cycle-by-cycle view of the execution. This view shows how instructions are reordered and executed and how functional units are being utilized. Additional context views correlate instructions in this detailed view with the relevant source code for the application. This allows the user to discover the root cause of the poor pipeline utilization and make changes to the application to improve its performance. This visualization system can be easily configured to display a variety of processor models and configurations. We demonstrate it for both the MXS and MMIX processor models.

keywords:
Computer systems visualization, superscalar processors, visualization systems


title:
Constellation: A Visualization Tool for Linguistic Queries from MindNet

abstract:
Constellation is a visualization system for the results of queries from the MindNet natural language semantic network. Constellation is targeted at helping MindNet's creators and users refine their algorithms, as opposed to understanding the structure of language. We designed a special-purpose graph layout algorithm which exploits higher-level structure in addition to the basic node and edge connectivity. Our layout prioritizes the creation of a semantic space to encode plausibility instead of traditional graph drawing metrics like minimizing edge crossings. We make careful use of several perceptual channels both to minimize the visual impact of edge crossings and to emphasize highlighted constellations of nodes and edges.


abstract:
Automation has arrived to Parallel Coordinates. A geometrically motivated classifier is presented and applied, with both training and testing stages, to 3 real data-sets. Our results compared to those from 23 other classifiers have the least error. The algorithm is based on parallel coordinates and: has very low computational complexity in the number of variables and the size of the data-set - contrasted with the very high or unknown (often unstated) complexity of other classifiers, the low complexity enables the rule derivation to be done in near real-time hence making the classification adaptive to changing conditions, provides comprehensible and explicit rules - contrasted to neural networks which are "black boxes", does dimensionality selection - where the minimal set of original variables (not transformed new variables as in Principal Component Analysis) required to state the rule is found, orders these variables so as to optimize the clarity of separation between the designated set and its complement - this solves the pesky "ordering problem" in parallel coordinates.The algorithm is display independent, hence it can be applied to very large in size and number of variables data-sets. Though it is instructive to present the results visually, the input size is no longer display-limited as for visual data mining.


title:
Visualizing Association Rules for Text Mining

abstract:
An association rule in data mining is an implication of the form X -> Y where X is a set of antecedent items and Y is the consequent item. For years researchers have developed many tools to visualize association rules. However, few of these tools can handle more than dozens of rules, and none of them can effectively manage rules with multiple antecedents. Thus, it is extremely difficult to visualize and understand the association information of a large data set even when all the rules are available. This paper presents a novel visualization technique to tackle many of these problems. We apply the technology to a text mining study on large corpora. The results indicate that our design can easily handle hundreds of multiple antecedent association rules in a three-dimensional display with minimum human interaction, low occlusion percentage, and no screen swapping.

keywords:
Text Visualization, Information Visualization,Text Mining, Data Mining, Association Rule


title:
A Java-Based Visual Mining Infrastructure and Applications

abstract:
Many real-world KDD (Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining) applications involve the navigation of large volumes of information on the web, such as, Internet resources, hot topics, and telecom phone switches. Quite often users feel lost, confused, and overwhelmed with displays that contain too much information. This paper discusses a new content-driven visual mining infrastructure called VisMine, that uses several innovative techniques: (1) hidden visual structure and relationships for uncluttering displays; (2) simultaneous visual presentations for high-dimensional knowledge discovery; and (3) a new visual interface to plug in existing graphic toolkits for expanding its use in a wide variety of visual applications. We have applied this infrastructure to three data mining visualization applications - topic hierarchy for document navigation, web-based trouble shooting, and telecom switch mining.

keywords:
Hidden Structure and Relationship, Java-Based, Knowledge Discovery, Visual Mining


title:
The Sunflower Visual Metaphor, a New Paradigm for Dimensional Compression

abstract:
This paper introduces the Sunflower visual metaphor for information visualization. The visual metaphor is presented as an alternative to current techniques of dimensional compression and the visualization tools that employ them. The paper discusses the motivation for the Sunflower paradigm, its implementation and critical factors for producing an effective visualization. A primary driver in this research effort has been to develop a visualization tool that facilitates browsing, knowledge discovery, and that supports learning through sense making and integration of new information.

keywords:
information retrieval, information visualization, knowledge management, text visualization, visualization


title:
Aggregate Towers: Scale Sensitive Visualization and Decluttering of Geospatial Data

abstract:
We have developed a technique, Aggregate Towers, that allows Geospatial data to be visualized across a range of map scales. We use a combination of data aggregation algorithms and dynamically aggregating data markers (e.g., icons or symbols) to accommodate interactive zooming by a user while maintaining a representation that remains intuitive, consistent across multiple scales, and uncluttered. This approach implicitly generates multiple levels of overview displays from a single set of underlying data.CR Categories and Subject Descriptors: H.5.2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: User Interfaces; I.3.6 [Computer Graphics]: Methodology and Techniques; I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism Additional Keywords: data visualization, information visualization, aggregation, zoom, cartography

keywords:
data visualization, information visualization, aggregation, zoom, cartography


title:
Efficient Multi-Object Dynamic Query Histograms

abstract:
Dynamic Queries offer continuous feedback during range queries, and have been shown to be effective and satisfying. Recent work has extended them to data-sets of 100,000 objects and, separately, to queries involving relations among multiple objects. The latter work enables filtering houses by properties of their owners, for instance. Our primary concern is providing feedback from histograms during Dynamic Query. The height of each histogram bar shows the count of selected objects whose attribute value falls into a given range. Unfortunately, previous efficient algorithms for single object queries over count in the case of multiple objects if, for instance, a house has multiple owners. This paper presents an efficient algorithm that with high probability closely approximates the true counts.

keywords:
Database, Dynamic Query, Probabilistic Algorithms


title:
VisageWeb: Visualizing WWW Data in Visage

abstract:
VisageWeb is an information-centric user interface to the World Wide Web built within the Visage data visualization environment. This paper traces the development of the VisageWeb project, using it to motivate an exploration of how an information-centric architecture copes with new visualization challenges. We conclude with a presentation of the VisageWeb prototype itself.

keywords:
Information Visualization, User Interface, World Wide Web


title:
Collaborative Geographic Visualization: Enabling Shared Understanding of Environmental Processes

abstract:
Most work with geospatial data, whether for scientific analysis, urban and groups carry out environmental planning or business decision-making. In contrast, geographic visualization environments and related geographic information technologies have been built and assessed only for use by individuals. In this paper, we describe a prototype same-time/different-place collaborative geovisualization environment. Next, we outline an approach to understanding use and usability and present results of interviews with domain experts about the ways in which collaborative geovisualization might enable group work at a distance. Finally, we present goals for further research.

keywords:
collaboration, geographic visualization, spatio-temporal, user task analysis


title:
ThemeRiver: Visualizing Theme Changes over Time

abstract:
ThemeRiver(tm) is a prototype system that visualizes thematic variations over time within a large collection of documents. The "river" flows from left to right through time, changing width to depict changes in thematic strength of temporally associated documents. Colored "currents" flowing within the river narrow or widen to indicate decreases or increases in the strength of an individual topic or a group of topics in the associated documents. The river is shown within the context of a timeline and a corresponding textual presentation of external events.

keywords:
timeline, trend analysis, visualization metaphors


title:
New Methods for the Visualization of Electric Power System Information

abstract:
One area in need of new research in information visualization is the operation and analysis of large-scale electric power systems. In analyzing power systems, one is usually confronted with a large amount of multivariate data. With systems containing tens of thousands of electrical nodes (buses), a key challenge is to present this data in a form so the user can assess the state of the system in an intuitive and quick manner. This is particularly true when trying to analyze relationships between actual network power flows, the scheduled power flows, and the capacity of the transmission system. With electric industry restructuring and the move towards having a single entity, such as an independent system operator or pool, operate a much larger system, this need has become more acute. This paper presents several power system visualization techniques to help in this task. These techniques include animation of power system flow values, contouring of bus and transmission line flow values, data aggregation techniques and interactive 3D data visualization.

keywords:
Electric Power System Visualization, Electric Utility Restructuring, Interactive 3D


title:
Lighthouse: Showing the Way to Relevant Information

abstract:
Lighthouse is an on-line interface for a Web-based information retrieval system. It accepts queries from a user, collects the retrieved documents from the search engine, organizes and presents them to the user. The system integrates two known presentations of the retrieved results -- the ranked list and clustering visualization -- in a novel and effective way. It accepts the user's input and adjusts the document visualization accordingly. We give a brief overview of the system.


title:
Focus+Context Display and Navigation Techniques for Enhancing Radial, Space-Filling Hierarchy Visualizations

abstract:
Radial, space-filling visualizations can be useful for depicting information hierarchies, but they suffer from one major problem. As the hierarchy grows in size, many items become small, peripheral slices that are difficult to distinguish. We have developed three visualization/interaction techniques that provide flexible browsing of the display. The techniques allow viewers to examine the small items in detail while providing context within the entire information hierarchy. Additionally, smooth transitions between views help users maintain orientation within the complete information space.

keywords:
animation, circular/radial displays, focus+context, hierarchy visualizations, information visualization, overview and detail


title:
Density Functions for Visual Attributes and Effective Partitioning in Graph Visualization

abstract:
Two tasks in Graph Visualization require partitioning: the assignment of visual attributes and divisive clustering. Often, we would like to assign a color or other visual attributes to a node or edge that indicates an associated value. In an application involving divisive clustering, we would like to partition the graph into subsets of graph elements based on metric values in such a way that all subsets are evenly populated. Assuming a uniform distribution of metric values during either partitioning or coloring can have undesired effects such as empty clusters or only one level of emphasis for the entire graph. Probability density functions derived from statistics about a metric can help systems succeed at these tasks.

keywords:
clustering, graph navigation, graph visualization, metrics


abstract:
We describe MGV, an integrated visualization and exploration system for massive multi-digraph navigation. MGV's only assumption is that the vertex set of the underlying digraph corresponds to the set of leaves of a predetermined tree T. MGV builds an out-of-core graph hierarchy and provides mechanisms to plug in arbitrary visual representations for each graph hierarchy slice. Navigation from one level to another of the hierarchy corresponds to the implementation of a drill-down interface. In order to provide the user with navigation control and interactive response, MGV incorporates a number of visualization techniques like interactive pixel-oriented 2D and 3D maps, statistical displays, multi-linked views, and a zoomable label based interface. This makes the association of geographic information and graph data very natural. MGV follows the client-server paradigm and it is implemented in C and Java-3D. We highlight the main algorithmic and visualization techniques behind the tools and point out along the way several possible application scenarios. Our techniques are being applied to multi-graphs defined on vertex sets with sizes ranging from 100 million to 250 million vertices.

keywords:
graphs, hierarchies, massive data sets, out-of-core algorithms, visualization


title:
Polaris: A System for Query, Analysis and Visualization of Multi-Dimensional Relational Databases

abstract:
In the last several years, large multi-dimensional databases have become common in a variety of applications such as data warehousing and scientific computing. Analysis and exploration tasks place significant demands on the interfaces to these databases. Because of the size of the data sets, dense graphical representations are more effective for exploration than spreadsheets and charts. Furthermore, because of the exploratory nature of the analysis, it must be possible for the analysts to change visualizations rapidly as they pursue a cycle involving first hypothesis and then experimentation.In this paper, we present Polaris, an interface for exploring large multi-dimensional databases that extends the well-known Pivot Table interface. The novel features of Polaris include an interface for constructing visual specifications of table-based graphical displays and the ability to generate a precise set of relational queries from the visual specifications. The visual specifications can be rapidly and incrementally developed, giving the analyst visual feedback as they construct complex queries and visualizations.

keywords:
database visualization, database analysis, visualization formalism, multidimensional databases


abstract:
Data visualization environments help users understand and analyze their data by permitting interactive browsing of graphical representations of the data. To further facilitate understanding and analysis, many visualization environments have special features known as portals, which are sub-windows of a data canvas. Portals provide a way to display multiple graphical representations simultaneously, in a nested fashion. This makes portals an extremely powerful and flexible paradigm for data visualization. Unfortunately, with this flexibility comes complexity. There are over a hundred possible ways each portal can be configured to exhibit different behaviors. Many of these behaviors are confusing and certain behaviors can be inappropriate for a particular setting. It is desirable to eliminate confusing and inappropriate behaviors. In this paper, we construct taxonomy of portal behaviors and give recommendations to help designers of visualization systems decide which behaviors are intuitive and appropriate for a particular setting. We apply these recommendations to an example setting that is fully visually programmable and analyze the resulting reduced set of behaviors. Finally, we consider a real visualization environment and demonstrate some problems associated with behaviors that do not follow our recommendations.

keywords:
Data Visualization, Multiple Views, Portals


title:
A Scalable Framework for Information Visualization

abstract:
This paper describes major concepts of a scalable information visualization framework. We assume that the exploration of heterogeneous information spaces at arbitrary levels of detail requires a suitable preprocessing of information quantities, the combination of different graphical interfaces and the illustration of the frame of reference of given information sets. The innovative features of our system include dynamic hierarchy computation and user controlled refinement of those hierarchies for preprocessing unstructured information spaces, a new Focus+Context technique for visualizing complex hierarchy graphs, a new paradigm for visualizing information structures within their frame of reference and a new graphical interface that utilizes textual similarities to arrange objects of high dimensional information space in 3-dimensional visualization space.

keywords:
Focus+Context, clustering, hierarchy, information visualization, multi-dimensional information space


title:
GADGET/IV: A Taxonomic Approach to Semi-Automatic Design of Information Visualization Applications Using Modular Visualization Environment

abstract:
Since novice users of visualization systems lack the knowledge and expertise in data visualization, it is a tough task for them to generate efficient and effective visualizations that allow them to comprehend information embedded in the data. Therefore, systems supporting the users to design appropriate visualizations are of great importance. The GADGET system, which has been developed in our previous study, interactively helps them design scientific visualization applications by presenting appropriate MVE prototypes according to the specification of the visualization goals expressed mainly with the Wehrend matrix. This paper attempts to extend this approach in order to develop a system named GADGET/IV}, which is intended to provide the users with an environment for semi-automatic design of information visualization applications. To this end, a novel goal-oriented taxonomy of information visualization techniques is presented. In addition, an initial design of the system architecture and user assistance flow is described. The usefulness of the GADGET/IV system is illustrated with example problems of Web site access frequency analysis.

keywords:
Information visualization, Modular Visualization Environment (MVE), World Wide Web (WWW), knowledge base, taxonomy, visualization systems


title:
Information Content Measures of Visual Displays

abstract:
With an increase in the number of different visualization techniques, it becomes necessary to develop a measure for evaluating the effectiveness of visualizations. Metrics to evaluate visual displays were developed based on measures of information content developed by Shannon and used in communication theory. These measures of information content can be used to quantify the relative effectiveness of displays.

keywords:
information content, information theory, information visualization, metrics


title:
A Taxonomy of Visualization Techniques Using the Data State Reference Model

abstract:
In previous work, researchers have attempted to construct taxonomies of information visualization techniques by examining the data domains that are compatible with these techniques. This is useful because implementers can quickly identify various techniques that can be applied to their domain of interest. However, these taxonomies do not help the implementers understand how to apply and implement these techniques. In this paper, we will extend and then propose a new way to taxonomize information visualization techniques by using the Data State Model [Chi98]. In fact, as the taxonomic analysis in this paper will show, many of the techniques share similar operating steps that can easily be reused. The paper shows that the Data State Model not only helps researchers understand the space of design, but also helps implementers understand how information visualization techniques can be applied more broadly.

keywords:
Data State Model, Information Visualization, Operators, Reference Model, Taxonomy, Techniques


title:
From Metaphor to Method: Cartographic Perspectives on Information Visualization

abstract:
By virtue of their spatio-cognitive abilities, humans are able to navigate through geographic space as well as meaningfully communicate geographic information represented in cartographic form. The current dominance of spatial metaphors in information visualization research is the result of the realization that those cognitive skills also have value in the exploration and analysis of non-geographic information. While mapping or landscape metaphors are routinely used in this field, there is a noticeable lack of consideration for existing cartographic expertise. This is especially apparent whenever problematic issues are encountered, such as graphic complexity or feature labeling. There are a number of areas in which a cartographic outlook could provide a valuable perspective. This paper discusses how geographic and cartographic notions may influence the design of visualizations for textual information spaces. Map projections, generalization, feature labeling and map design issues are discussed.

keywords:
Cartographic Generalization, Cartography, Feature Labeling, Information Visualization, Maps


title:
Visualizing Sequential Patterns for Text Mining

abstract:
A sequential pattern in data mining is a finite series of elements such as A .B .C .D where A, B, C, and D are elements of the same domain. The mining of sequential patterns is designed to find patterns of discrete events that frequently happen in the same arrangement along a timeline. Like association and clustering, the mining of sequential patterns is among the most popular knowledge discovery techniques that apply statistical measures to extract useful information from large datasets. As our computers become more powerful, we are able to mine bigger datasets and obtain hundreds of thousands of sequential patterns in full detail. With this vast amount of data, we argue that neither data mining nor visualization by itself can manage the information and reflect the knowledge effectively. Subsequently, we apply visualization to augment data mining in a study of sequential patterns in large text corpora. The result shows that we can learn increasingly quickly in an integrated visual data-mining environment.


title:
Redefining the Focus and Context of Focus+Context Visualizations

abstract:
The increasing diversity of computers, especially among small mobile devices such as mobile phones and PDAs, raise new questions about information visualization techniques developed for the desktop computer. Using a series of examples ranging from applications for ordinary desktop displays to web-browsers and other applications for PDAs, we describe how a focus+context technique, Flip Zooming, is changed due to the situation it is used in. Based on these examples, we discuss how the use of "focus" and "context" in focus+context techniques change in order to fit new areas of use for information visualization.

keywords:
Focus+Context techniques, Information Visualization, Personal Digital Assistants


abstract:
Anyone who has ever experienced three-dimensional (3D) interfaces will agree that navigating in a 3D world is not a trivial task. The user interface of traditional 3D browsers provides simple navigation tools that allow the user to modify the camera parameters such as orientation, position and focal. Using these tools, it is frequent that, after some movements, the user is lost in the virtual 3D space and usually tries to restart from the beginning.This paper presents how the 3D navigation problem is addressed in the context of the CyberNet project. Our underlying principle is to help the user navigate by adapting the navigation tool to the virtual world. We feel that the navigation schemes provided by the 3D browsers are too generic for some specific 3D tools and we have developed adaptive navigation features that are dependent on the 3D metaphor used for visualizing the information and on the user's task.

keywords:
3D Information Visualization, 3D Navigation, 3D Visual Metaphors, Metaphor-Aware Navigation, Virtual Worlds


title:
Interactive Problem Solving via Algorithm Visualization

abstract:
COMIND is a tool for conceptual design of industrial products. It helps designers define and evaluate the initial design space by using search algorithms to generate sets of feasible solutions. Two algorithm visualization techniques, Kaleidoscope and Lattice, and one visualization of n-dimensional data, MAP, are used to externalize the machine's problem solving strategies and the tradeoffs as a result of using these strategies. After a short training period, users are able to discover tactics to explore design space effectively, evaluate new design solutions, and learn important relationships among design criteria, search speed, and solution quality. We thus propose that visualization can serve as a tool for interactive intelligence, i.e., human-machine collaboration for solving complex problems.

keywords:
Interactive information visualization, combinatorial search, configuration design, human-computer collaboration


title:
Using Visualization to Detect Plagiarism in Computer Science Classes

abstract:
This paper introduces a number of general methods for visualizing commonality in sets of text files. Each visualization simultaneously compares one file in the set to all other files in the set. These visualizations, which can be computed in O(n) time and space, are explained and then applied to the problem of detecting plagiarism in large computer science classes. A case study is presented and sample visualizations are provided. Finally, a new interactive tool that can be used to produce and manipulate these visualizations is presented.

keywords:
N-gram analysis, Pattern Matching, Plagiarism, Visualization


title:
Creativity, Complexity, and Precision: Information Visualization for (Landscape) Architecture

abstract:
Drawing on ethnographic studies of (landscape) architects at work, this paper presents a human-centered approach to information visualization. A 3D collaborative electronic workspace allows people to configure, save, and browse arrangements of heterogeneous work materials. Spatial arrangements and links are created and maintained as an integral part of ongoing work with "live" documents and objects. The result is an extension of the physical information space of the architects' studio that utilizes the potential of electronic data storage, visualization, and network technologies to support work with information in context.

keywords:
Information visualization, architecture, work materials, context, spatio-temporal order, electronic workspace


title:
Graphic Data Display for Cardiovascular System Case Study

abstract:
Our multi-disciplinary group has developed a visual representation for cardiovascular physiological variables. This enhances a clinician's ability to detect and rapidly respond to critical events. The integrated and intuitive display communicates a patient's cardiovascular state so that it is easily and quickly understood without prior training. The display is designed to show patterns of functional relationships that aid in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of a critical event.

keywords:
Anesthesiology, Display Design, Graphic Displays, Medicine, Metaphor Displays, Visualization


title:
Case Study: Design and Assessment of an Enhanced Geographic Information System for Exploration of Multivariate Health Statistics

abstract:
An implementation of an interactive parallel coordinate plot linked with the ArcView(r) geographic information system (GIS) is presented. The integrated geographic visualization system was created for the exploratory analysis of mortality data from specific cancers as they relate, specifically spatially, to other mortality causes and to demographic and socioeconomic risk factors. The linked and interactive parallel coordinate plot was tested with and compared to a similarly interactive and linked scatterplot in usability assessments designed to assess each representation's relative effectiveness for exploration of these data sets. Evidence from these studies suggests that multivariate, spatial, and/or time series exploration is enhanced through the use of the parallel coordinate plot linked to maps.

keywords:
geographic visualization, health statistics, multivariate statistical visualization


title:
Effective Graph Visualization Via Node Grouping

abstract:
We discuss four methodologies for the application of node grouping in graph visualization. In addition, we introduce techniques for force-directed and orthogonal drawing which use node grouping information and have been shown in experiments to perform better than previous techniques. Not only do these techniques have significantly improved performance with respect to standard aesthetic measures, but they also attain qualitative improvement.

keywords:
Experimental Studies, Force-Directed Drawing, Graph Drawing, Graph Visualization, Node Grouping, Orthogonal Drawing


title:
Animated Exploration of Dynamic Graphs with Radial Layout

abstract:
We describe a new animation technique for supporting interactive exploration of a graph. We use the well-known radial tree layout method, in which the view is determined by the selection of a focus node. Our main contribution is a method for animating the transition to a new layout when a new focus node is selected. In order to keep the transition easy to follow, the animation linearly interpolates the polar coordinates of the nodes, while enforcing ordering and orientation constraints. We apply this technique to visualizations of social networks and of the Gnutella file-sharing network, and discuss the results from our informal usability tests.


abstract:
We introduce the notion of Graph Sketches. They can be thought of as visual indices that guide the navigation of a multi-graph too large to fit on the available display. We adhere to the Visual Information-Seeking Mantra: Overview first, zoom and filter, then details on demand. Graph Sketches are incorporated into MGV, an integrated visualization and exploration system for massive multi-digraph navigation. We highlight the main algorithmic and visualization tasks behind the computation of Graph Sketches and illustrate several application scenarios. Graph Sketches will be used to guide the navigation of multi-digraphs defined on vertex sets with sizes ranging from 100 to 250 million vertices.

keywords:
graphs, hierarchies., massive data sets, visualization


title:
Visualization of State Transition Graphs

abstract:
A new method for the visualization of state transition graphs is presented. Visual information is reduced by clustering nodes, forming a tree structure of related clusters. This structure is visualized in three dimensions with concepts from cone trees and emphasis on symmetry. The resulting visualization makes it easier to relate features in the visualization of the state transition graph to semantic concepts in the corresponding process and vice versa.

keywords:
Clustering, Cone Trees, Finite Automaton, Finite State Machines, Graph Visualization, State Transition Diagrams, Symmetry.


title:
Collapsible Cylindrical Trees: A Fast Hierarchical Navigation Technique

abstract:
This paper proposes a new visualization and interaction technique for medium-sized trees, called Collapsible Cylindrical Trees (CCT). Child nodes are mapped on rotating cylinders, which will be dynamically displayed or hidden to achieve a useful balance of detail and context. Besides a comprehensible three-dimensional visualization of trees, the main feature of CCT is a very fast and intuitive interaction with the displayed nodes. Only a single click is needed to reach every node and perform an action on it, such as displaying a web page. The CCT browsing technique was developed for interaction with web hierarchies but is not limited to this domain. We also present sample implementations of CCT using VRML, which show the usefulness of this intuitive tree navigation technique.

keywords:
3D graphics, VRML, XML, hierarchy, interactive tree, sitemap, visualization, web navigation


title:
Botanical Visualization of Huge Hierarchies

abstract:
A new method for the visualization of huge hierarchical data structures is presented. The method is based on the observation that we can easily see the branches, leaves and their arrangement in a botanical tree, despite of the large number of elements. The strand model of Holton is used to convert an abstract tree into a geometric model. Non-leaf nodes are mapped to branches and child nodes to sub-branches. A naive application of this model leads to unsatisfactory results, hence it is tailored to suit our purposes better. Continuing branches are emphasized, long branches are contracted, and sets of leaves are shown as fruit. The method is applied to the visualization of directory structures. The elements, directories and files, as well as their relations can easily be extracted, thereby showing that the use of methods from botanical modeling can be effective for information visualization.

keywords:
botanical tree, directory tree, huge hierarchy, logical tree, phyllotaxis, strands, tree visualization


abstract:
Treemaps, a space-filling method of visualizing large hierarchical data sets, are receiving increasing attention. Several algorithms have been proposed to create more useful displays by controlling the aspect ratios of the rectangles that make up a treemap. While these algorithms do improve visibility of small items in a single layout, they introduce instability over time in the display of dynamically changing data, and fail to preserve an ordering of the underlying data. This paper introduces the ordered treemap, which addresses these two shortcomings. The ordered treemap algorithm ensures that items near each other in the given order will be near each other in the treemap layout. Using experimental evidence from Monte Carlo trials, we show that compared to other layout algorithms ordered treemaps are more stable while maintaining relatively favorable aspect ratios of the constituent rectangles. A second test set uses stock market data.

keywords:
hierarchies, information visualization, ordered treemaps, treemaps, trees


title:
2D vs 3D, Implications on Spatial Memory

abstract:
Since the introduction of graphical user interfaces (GUI) and two-dimensional (2D ) displays, the concept of space has entered the information technology (IT) domain. Interactions with computers were re-encoded in terms of fidelity to the interactions with real environment and consequently in terms of fitness to cognitive and spatial abilities. A further step in this direction was the creation of three-dimensional (3D) displays which have amplified the fidelity of digital representations. However, there are no systematic results evaluating the extent to which 3D displays better support cognitive spatial abilities. The aim of this research is to empirically investigate spatial memory performance across different instances of 2D and 3D displays. Two experiments were performed. The displays used in the experimental situation represented hierarchical information structures. The results of the test show that the 3D display does improve performances in the designed spatial memory task.

keywords:
2D, 3D, Spatial memory, hierarchical representations


title:
A Comparison of 2-D Visualizations of Hierarchies

abstract:
This paper describes two experiments that compare four two-dimensional visualizations of hierarchies: organization chart, icicle plot, treemap, and tree ring. The visualizations are evaluated in the context of decision tree analyses prevalent in data mining applications. The results suggest that either the tree ring or icicle plot is equivalent to the organization chart.

keywords:
decision tree, icicle plot, tree ring, treemap


title:
An Empirical Comparison of Three Commercial Information Visualization Systems

abstract:
An empirical comparison of three commercial information visualization systems on three different databases is presented. The systems use different paradigms for visualizing data. Tasks were selected to be "ecologically relevant", i.e. meaningful and interesting in the respective domains. Users of one system turned out to solve problems significantly faster than users of the other two, while users of another system would supply significantly more correct answers. Reasons for these results and general observations about the studied systems are discussed.


title:
Case Study: E-Commerce Clickstream Visualization

abstract:
We have developed an interactive, scalable visualization tool for analyzing the behavior of users of a web site. Our system not only shows site topology and traffic flow, but by segmenting site traffic data based on user attributes, including demographic data and purchase history, we can present a more complete picture of web site usage. This can lead to a more focussed analysis that allows direct comparison between user segments, and ultimately a deeper understanding of how users interact with a site. The tool is designed for real world use, and we present a usage study of the tool by analyzing the data of a failed "dot-com".

keywords:
E-Commerce clickstream visualization, graph visualization, web site visualization


title:
Case Study: Visualization for Decision Tree Analysis in Data Mining

abstract:
Decision trees are one of the most popular methods of data mining. Decision trees partition large amounts of data into smaller segments by applying a series of rules. Creating and evaluating decision trees benefits greatly from visualization of the trees and diagnostic measures of their effectiveness. This paper describes an application, EMTree Results Viewer, that supports decision tree analysis through the visualization of model results and diagnosis. The functionality of the application and the visualization techniques are revealed through an example of churn analysis in the telecommunications industry.


title:
Technical Note: Visually Encoding Program Test Information to Find Faults in Software

abstract:
Large test suites are frequently used to evaluate software systems and to locate errors. Unfortunately, this process can generate a huge amount of data that is difficult to interpret manually. We have created a system, Tarantula, that visually encodes test data to help find program errors. The system uses a principled color mapping to represent source lines in passed and failed tests. It also provides a flexible user interface for examining different perspectives that show the behavior of the source code on test sets, ranging from individual tests, to important subsets such as the set of failed tests, to the entire test suite.

keywords:
animation, circular/radial displays, debugging, fault localization, focus+context, hierarchy visualizations, overview and detail


title:
Getting Along: Composition of Visualization Paradigms

abstract:
This paper describes how focus+context techniques can be composed with other high-level visualization paradigms to mutual advantage. Examples are given showing composition both with a pan\&zoom system, and with a treemap implementation. The examples illustrate how focus+context can be used as an exploration and navigation tool within those paradigms.

keywords:
composition, fisheye, information visualization, nonlinear magnification, pan and zoom, treemaps


abstract:
In this paper, we present a new approach for the visualization of time-series data based on spirals. Different to classical bar charts and line graphs, the spiral is suited to visualize large data sets and supports much better the identification of periodic structures in the data. Moreover, it supports both the visualization of nominal and quantitative data based on a similar visualization metaphor. The extension of the spiral visualization to 3D gives access to concepts for zooming and focusing and linking in the data set. As such, spirals complement other visualization techniques for time series and specifically enhance the identication of periodic patterns.

keywords:
Data Mining., Graph Drawing, Information Visualization, Visualization of Time-Series Data


title:
Cluster Stability and the Use of Noise in Interpretation of Clustering

abstract:
A clustering and ordination algorithm suitable for mining extremely large databases, including those produced by microarray expression studies, is described and analyzed for stability. Data from a yeast cell cycle experiment with 6000 genes and 18 experimental measurements per gene are used to test this algorithm under practical conditions. The process of assigning database objects to an X,Y coordinate, ordination, is shown to be stable with respect to random starting conditions, and with respect to minor perturbations in the starting similarity estimates. Careful analysis of the way clusters typically co-locate, versus the occasional large displacements under different starting conditions are shown to be useful in interpreting the data. This extra stability information is lost when only a single cluster is reported, which is currently the accepted practice. However, it is believed that the approaches presented here should become a standard part of best practices in analyzing computer clustering of large data collections.


title:
Change Blindness in Information Visualization: A Case Study

abstract:
Change blindness occurs when people do not notice changes in visible elements of a scene. If people use an information visualization system to compare document collection subsets partitioned by their time-stamps, change blindness makes it impossible for them to recognize even very major changes, let alone minor ones. We describe theories from cognitive science that account for the change blindness phenomenon, as well as solutions developed for two visual analysis tools, a dot plot (SPIRE Galaxies) and landscape (ThemeView(tm)) visualizations.


abstract:
We present a new technique called Semantic Depth of Field (SDOF) as an alternative approach to focus-and-context displays of information. We utilize a well-known method from photography and cinematography (depth-of-field effect) for information visualization, which is to blur different parts of the depicted scene in dependence of their relevance. Independent of their spatial locations, objects of interest are depicted sharply in SDOF, whereas the context of the visualization is blurred. In this paper, we present a flexible model of SDOF which can be easily adopted to various types of applications. We discuss pros and cons of the new technique, give examples of application, and describe a fast prototype implementation of SDOF.

keywords:
Depth of Field, Focus and Context, Information Visualization


title:
Interactive Visualization of Multiple Query Results

abstract:
This paper introduces a graphical method for visually presenting and exploring the results of multiple queries simultaneously. This method allows a user to visually compare multiple query result sets, explore various combinations among the query result sets, and identify the "best" matches for combinations of multiple independent queries. This approach might also help users explore methods for progressively improving queries by visually comparing the improvement in result sets.

keywords:
query results, search results, visualization


title:
Pixel Bar Charts: A New Technique for Visualizing Large Multi-Attribute Data Sets without Aggregation

abstract:
Simple presentation graphics are intuitive and easy-to-use, but show only highly aggregated data and present only a very limited number of data values (as in the case of bar charts). In addition, these graphics may have a high degree of overlap which may occlude a significant portion of the data values (as in the case of the x-y plots). In this paper, we therefore propose a generalization of traditional bar charts and x-y-plots which allows the visualization of large amounts of data. The basic idea is to use the pixels within the bars to present the detailed information of the data records. Our so-called pixel bar charts retain the intuitiveness of traditional bar charts while allowing very large data sets to be visualized in an effective way. We show that, for an effective pixel placement, we have to solve complex optimization problems, and present an algorithm which efficiently solves the problem. Our application using real-world e-commerce data shows the wide applicability and usefulness of our new idea.

keywords:
Multi-attributes Visualization, No-aggregation, No-overlapping, Pixel Bar Charts


title:
Process Visualization with Levels of Detail

abstract:
In this paper we demonstrate how we apply information visualization techniques to process monitoring. Virtual instruments are enhanced using history encoding instruments are capable of displaying the current value and the value from the near past. Multi-instruments are capable of displaying several data sources simultaneously. Levels of detail for virtual instruments are introduced where the screen area is inversely proportional to the informationamount displayed. Furthermore the monitoring system is enhanced by using: 3D anchoring, attachment of instruments to positions on a 3D model, collision avoidance, a physically based spring model prevents instruments from overlapping, and focus+context rendering giving the user a possibility to examine particular instruments in detail without loosing the context information.

keywords:
focus+context visualization, information visualization, levels of detail, process visualization


title:
Case Study: Visualizing Sets of Evolutionary Trees

abstract:
We describe a visualization tool which allows a biologist to explore a large set of hypothetical evolutionary trees. Interacting with such a dataset allows the biologist to identify distinct hypotheses about how different species or organisms evolved, which would not have been clear from traditional analyses. Our system integrates a point-set visualization of the distribution of hypothetical trees with detail views of an individual tree, or of a consensus tree summarizinga subset of trees. Efficient algorithms were required for the key tasks of computing distances between trees, finding consensus trees, and laying out the point-set visualization.


title:
Interactive Information Visualization of a Million Items

abstract:
Existing information visualization techniques are usually limited to the display of a few thousand items. This article describes new interactive techniques capable of handling a million items (effectively visible and manageable on screen). We evaluate the use of hardware-based techniques available with newer graphics cards, as well as new animation techniques and non-standard graphical features such as stereovision and overlap count. These techniques have been applied to two popular information visualizations: treemaps and scatter plot diagrams; but are generic enough to be applied to other 2D representations as well.

keywords:
Methodology and Techniques,User Interfaces,Picture/Image Generation


title:
Arc Diagrams: Visualizing Structure in Strings

abstract:
This paper introduces a new visualization method, the arc diagram, which is capable of representing complex patterns of repetition in string data. Arc diagrams improve over previous methods such as dotplots because they scale efficiently for strings that contain many instances of the same subsequence. This paper describes design and implementation issues related to arc diagrams and shows how they may be applied to visualize such diverse data as music, text, and compiled code.

keywords:
arc diagram, code, music, sequence, string, text, visualization


title:
Visualizing Biosequence Data Using Texture Mapping

abstract:
Data-mining of information by the process of pattern discovery in protein sequences has been predominantly algorithm based. In this paper we discuss a visualization approach, which uses texture mapping and blending techniques to perform visual data-mining on text data obtainedfrom discovering patterns in protein sequences. This visual approach, investigates the possibilities of representing text data in three dimensions and provides new possibilities ofrepresenting more dimensions of information in text data visualization and analysis. We also present a generic framework derived from this visualization approach to visualize text in biosequence data.


title:
Building a Visual Database for Example-based Graphics Generation

abstract:
Example-based graphics generation systems automatically create new information visualizations by learning from existing graphic examples. As part of the effort on developing a general-purpose example-based generation system, we are building a visual database of graphic examples. In this paper, we address two main issues involved in constructing such a database: example selection and example modeling. As a result, our work offers three unique contributions: First, we build a visual database that contains a diverse collection of well-designed examples. Second, we develop a feature-based scheme to model all examples uniformly and accurately. Third, our visual database brings several important implications to the area of information visualization.


title:
Multiscale Visualization Using Data Cubes "InfoVis 2002 Best Paper"

abstract:
Most analysts start with an overview of the data before gradually refining their view to be more focused and detailed. Multiscale pan-and-zoom systems are effective because they directly support this approach. However, generating abstract overviews of large data sets is difficult, and most systems take advantage of only one type of abstraction: visual abstraction. Furthermore, these existing systems limit the analyst to a single zooming path on their data andthus a single set of abstract views.This paper presents: (1) a formalism for describing multiscale visualizations of data cubes with both data and visual abstraction, and (2) a method for independently zooming along one or more dimensions by traversing a zoom graph with nodes at different levels of detail. As an example of how to design multiscale visualizations using our system, we describe four design patterns using our formalism. These design patterns show the effectiveness of multiscalevisualization of general relational databases.

keywords:
Multiscale visualization, database visualization, graphic formalism


title:
Visualization Schemas for Flexible Information Visualization

abstract:
Relational databases provide significant flexibility to organize, store, and manipulate an infinite variety of complex data collections. This flexibility is enabled by the concept of relational data schemas, which allow data owners to easily design custom databases according to their unique needs. However, user interfaces and information visualizations for accessing and utilizing databases have not kept pace with this level of flexibility. This paper introduces the concept of Visualization Schemas, based on the Snap-Together Visualization model, which are analogous to relational data schemas. Visualization schemas enable users to rapidly construct customized multiple-view visualizations for databases in a similarly flexible fashion without programming. Since the design of appropriate visualizations for a given database depends on the data schema, visualization schemas are a natural analogy to the data schema concept.


title:
A Hybrid Layout Algorithm for Sub-Quadratic Multidimensional Scaling

abstract:
Many clustering and layout techniques have been used for structuring and visualising complex data. This paper is inspired by a number of such contemporary techniques and presents a novel hybrid approach based upon stochastic sampling, interpolation and spring models. We use Chalmers' 1996 0(N2) spring model as a benchmark when evaluating our technique, comparing layout quality and run times using data sets of synthetic and real data. Our algorithm runs in 0(N\sqrt N) and executes significantly faster than CHalmers' 1996 algorithm, whilst producing superior layouts. In reducing complexity and run time, we allow the visualisation of data sets of previously infeasible size. Our results indicate that our method is a solid foundation for interactive and visual exploration of data.


title:
ACE: A Fast Multiscale Eigenvectors Computation for Drawing Huge Graphs

abstract:
We present an extremely fast graph drawing algorithm for very large graphs, which we term ACE (for Algebraic multigrid Computation of Eigenvectors). ACE exhibits improvement of something like two orders of magnitude over the fastest algorithms we are aware of; it draws graphs of millions of nodes in less than a minute. ACE finds optimal drawing by minimizing a quadratic energy function. The minimization problem is expressed as a generalized eigenvalue problem, which is rapidly solved using novel algebraic multigrid technique. The samegeneralized eigenvalue problem seems to come up also in other fields, hence ACE appears to be applicable outside of graph drawing too.

keywords:
Fiedler vector, algebraic multigrid, force directed layout, generalized eigenvalue problem, graph drawing, multiscale/multilevel optimization, the Hall energy


title:
Visual Unrolling of Network Evolution and the Analysis of Dynamic Discourse

abstract:
A new method for visualizing the class of incrementally evolving networks is presented. In addition to the intermediate states of the network it conveys the nature of the change between them by unrolling the dynamics of the network. Each modification is shown in a separate layer of a three-dimensional representation, where the stack of layers corresponds to a time line of the evolution. We focus on discourse networks as the driving application, but our method extends to any type of network evolving in similar ways.


title:
Multiple Foci Drill-Down through Tuple and Attribute Aggregation Polyarchies in Tabular Data

abstract:
Information analysis often involves decomposing data into sub-groups to allow for comparison and identification of relationships. Breakdown Visualization provides a mechanism to support this analysis through user guided drill-down of polyarchical metadata. This metadata describes multiple hierarchical structures for organizing tuple aggregations and table attributes. Thisstructure is seen in financial data, organizational structures, sport statistics, and other domains. A spreadsheet format enables comparison of visualizations at any level of the hierarchy. Breakdown Visualization allows users to drill-down a single hierarchy then pivot into another hierarchy within the same view. It utilizes a fix and move technique that allows users to select multiple foci for drill-down.


title:
Angular Brushing of Extended Parallel Coordinates

abstract:
In this paper we present angular brushing for parallel coordinates (PC) as a new approach to highlighting rational data-properties, i.e., features which in a non-separable way depend on two data dimensions. We also demonstrate smooth brushing as an intuitive tool for specifying non-binary degree-of-interest functions (for focus+context visualization). We also briefly describe our implementation as well as its application to the visualization of CFD data.

keywords:
brushing, focus+context visualization, information visualization, linear correlations, parallel coordinates


abstract:
This paper describes a system for analyzing the flow of traffic through web-sites. We decomposed the general path analysis problem into a set of distinct subproblems, and createda visual metaphor for analyzing each of them. Our system works off of multiple representations of the clickstream, and exposes the path extraction algorithms and data to the visual metaphors as web services. We have combined the visual metaphors into a web-based "path analysis portal" that lets the user easily switch between the different modes of analysis.


abstract:
Since the crash of the dot.coms, investors have gotten a lot more careful with where they place their money [3]. Now more than ever it becomes really important for venture capitalists (VCs) to monitor the state of the startups market and continually update their investment strategy to suit the rapidly changing market conditions. This paper presents three new visualization metaphors (Spiral Map, TimeTicker, and Double Histogram) for monitoring the startups market. While we are focusing on the VC domain, the visual metaphors developed are general and can be easily applied to other domains.


abstract:
This paper describes a new method for the visualization of tree structured relational data. It can be used especially for the display of very large hierarchies in a 2-dimensional space. We discuss the advantages and limitations of current techniques of tree visualization. Our strategy is to optimize the drawing of trees in a geometrical plane and maximize the utilization of displayspace by allowing more nodes and links to be displayed at a limit screen resolution. We use the concept of enclosure to partition the entire display space into a collection of local regions that are assigned to all nodes in tree T for the display of their sub-trees and themselves. To enable the exploration of large hierarchies, we use a modified semantic zooming technique to view the detail of a particular part of the hierarchy at a time based on user's interest. Layout animation is also provided to preserve the mental map while the user is exploring the hierarchy by changing zoomed views.


title:
InterRing: An Interactive Tool for Visually Navigating and Manipulating Hierarchical Structures

abstract:
Radial, space-filling (RSF) techniques for hierarchy visualization have several advantages over traditional node-link diagrams, including the ability to efficiently use the display space while effectively conveying the hierarchy structure. Several RSF systems and tools have been developed to date, each with varying degrees of support for interactive operations such as selection and navigation. In this paper, we describe what we believe to be a complete set ofdesirable operations on hierarchical structures. We then present InterRing, an RSF hierarchy visualization system that supports a significantly more extensive set of these operations than prior systems. In particular, InterRing supports multi-focus distortions, interactive hierarchy reconfiguration, and both semi-automated and manual selection. We show the power and utility of these and other operations, and describe our on-going efforts to evaluate their effectiveness and usability.

keywords:
Radial space-filling hierarchy visualization, multi-focus distortion, structure-based brushing


title:
Beamtrees: Compact Visualization of Large Hierarchies

abstract:
Beamtrees are a new method for the visualization of large hierarchical data sets. Nodes are shown as stacked circular beams, such that both the hierarchical structure as well as the size of nodes are depicted. The dimensions of beams are calculated using a variation of the treemap algorithm. A small user study indicated that beamtrees are significantly more effective than nested treemaps and cushion treemaps for the extraction of global hierarchical information.


title:
Graphical Encoding for Information Visualization: An Empirical Study

abstract:
Research in several areas provides scientific guidance for use of graphical encoding to convey information in an information visualization display. By graphical encoding we mean the use of visual display elements such as icon color, shape, size, or position to convey information about objects represented by the icons. Literature offers inconclusive and often conflicting viewpoints, including the suggestion that the effectiveness of a graphical encodingdepends on the type of data represented. Our empirical study suggests that the nature of the users' perceptual task is more indicative of the effectiveness of a graphical encoding than the type of data represented.

keywords:
information visualization, iconic display, user interface design, graphical encoding


title:
SpaceTree: Supporting Exploration in Large Node Link Tree, Design Evolution and Empirical Evaluation

abstract:
We present a novel tree browser that builds on the conventional node link tree diagrams. It adds dynamic rescaling of branches of the tree to best fit the available screen space, optimized camera movement, and the use of preview icons summarizing the topology of the branches that cannot be expanded. In addition, it includes integrated search and filter functions. This paper reflects on the evolution of the design and highlights the principles that emerged from it. A controlled experiment showed benefits for navigation to already previouslyvisited nodes and estimation of overall tree topology.


title:
The Illusion of Perceived Metric 3D Structure

abstract:
A large body of results on the characteristics of human spatial vision suggests that space perception is distorted. Recent studies indicate that the geometry of visual space is best understood as Affine. If this is the case, it has far reaching implications on how 3D visualizations can be successfully employed. For instance, all attempts to build visualization systems where users are expected to discover relations based on Euclidean distances or shapes will be ineffective. Because visualization can, and sometimes do, employ all possible types of depth information and because the results from vision research usually concentrates on one or two such types, three experiments were performed under near optimal viewing conditions. The aim of the experiments was twofold: To test whether the earlier findings generalize to optimal viewing conditions and to get a sense of the size of the error under such conditions. The results show that the findings do generalize and that the errors are large. The implications of these results for successful visualizations are discussed.

keywords:
Visualization, affine structure, metric structure, 3D, virtual reality


title:
Visualizing Data with Bounded Uncertainty

abstract:
Visualization is a powerful way to facilitate data analysis, but it is crucial that visualization systems explicitly convey the presence, nature, and degree of uncertainty to users. Otherwise, there is a danger that data will be falsely interpreted, potentially leading to inaccurate conclusions. A common method for denoting uncertainty is to use error bars or similar techniques designed to convey the degree of statistical uncertainty. While uncertainty can often be modeled statistically, a second form of uncertainty, bounded uncertainty, can also arise that has very different properties than statistical uncertainty. Error bars should not be used for bounded uncertainty because they do not convey the correct properties, so a different technique should be used instead. In this paper we describe a technique for conveying bounded uncertainty in visualizations and show how it can be applied systematically to common displays of abstract charts and graphs. Interestingly, it is not always possible to show the exact degree of uncertainty, and in some cases it can only be displayed approximately.


title:
Efficient Cartogram Generation: A Comparison

abstract:
Cartograms are a well-known technique for showing geography-related statistical information, such as population demographics and epidemiological data. The basic idea is to distort a map by resizing its regions according to a statistical parameter, but in a way that keeps the maprecognizable. In this paper, we deal with the problem of making continuous cartograms that strictly retain the topology of the input mesh. We compare two algorithms to solve the continuous cartogram problem. The first one uses an iterative relocation of the vertices based on scanlines. The second one is based on the Gridfit technique, which uses pixel-based distortion based on a quadtree-like data structure.


title:
OLAP Solutions: Building Multidimensional Information Systems

abstract:
Although many commercial OLAP products are readily available -- as stand-alone tools and, increasingly, in close association with relational databases -- OLAP remains a difficult and complex technology to master. The second edition of Thomsen's classic OLAP Solutions provides a clear and comprehensive explanation of the concepts and best techniques for deploying OLAP -- no matter what tools you're using. This edition is thoroughly revised, offering expanded coverage of logical issues such as dimensional hierarchies, as well as physical issues of data storage, access, and calculation. Thomsen has also created an entirely new application section that provides a computational cross-value chain model of ten interconnected business processes within the context of a manufacturing company. The practical methods and formulas you'll learn are useful no matter what commercial OLAP tool(s) you use.


abstract:
Using two or more views - one of the entire graph and the other of a zoomed portion - gives one the advantage of seeing both local detail and overall structure but has the drawbacks of requiring extra screen space and forcing the viewer to mentally integrate the views. The multiple-view approach also has the drawback that parts of the graph adjacent to the enlarged area are not visible at all in the enlarged view(s). This article explores a fisheye lens approach to viewing and browsing graphs. A fisheye view of a graph shows an area of interest quite large and with detail and shows other areas successively smaller and in less detail. It achieves this smooth integration of local detail and global context by repositioning and resizing elements of the graph. A fisheye lens seems to have all the advantages of the other approaches for viewing and browsing a graph without any of the drawbacks.


title:
Cone Trees in the UGA Graphics System: Suggestions for a More Robust Visualization Tool

abstract:
The Xerox PARC cone tree is an efficient, practical tool for visualizing hierarchical information. It makes use of three-dimensional space to display more information than is possible in two dimensions. It employs animation and interactive selection to create a focal point on the structure. Shadows and perspective serve to enhance the effect. In this paper, we describe an implementation of cone trees under the UGA graphics architecture. The implementation is in the FLESH language -- an object-oriented graphics language that is the core of the UGA system. The FLESH language allows for rapid prototyping of three-dimensional widgets such as this. In addition to the rapid implementation, several extensions of the vanilla Xerox trees were implemented. A critique of the cone tree is offered, as well as suggestions for future direction of visualization of hierarchical data sets.


title:
Algorithms for Drawing Graphs: An Annotated Bibliography

abstract:
Several data presentation problems involve drawing graphs so that they are easy to read and understand. Examples include circuit schematics and diagrams for information systems analysis and design. In this paper we present a bibliographic survey on algorithms whose goal is to produce aesthetically pleasing drawings of graphs. Research on this topic is spread over the broad spectrum of computer science. This bibliography constitutes a first attempt to encompass both theoretical and application-oriented papers from disparate areas.


title:
TANGO: A Framework and System for Algorithm Animation

abstract:
Algorithm animation is the process of abstracting the data, operations, and semantics of computer programs, and then creating animated graphical views of those abstractions. Although a handful of algorithm animation systems have been developed in recent years, relatively little work has been done on the theoretical foundations of such systems. In this work we develop a conceptual framework with formal models and precise semantics for algorithm animation. The framework contains facilities for defining operations in an algorithm, designing animations, and mapping the algorithm operations to their corresponding animations. We introduce the framework to make animation design easier, as well as to provide a model that supports smooth, continuous image movement. We also present the {\em path-transition} paradigm that simplifies the animation design process. Concurrently, we develop an algorithm animation system called TANGO (Transition-based Animation Generation) based upon the framework. TANGO supports two-dimensional color animations in a window-based workstation environment. It provides programmers with the capabilities to produce sophisticated, real-time views of their programs with a minimum of graphics coding. Using TANGO, programmers create animations by writing routines in an algorithm animation design language or by using a direct-manipulation, demonstrational animation design tool.


title:
Exploiting Orthogonality in Three Dimensional Graphics for Visualizing Abstract Data

abstract:
Using Three dimensional graphics to visualize abstract data presents an interesting challenge because, by definition, there is no physically intuitive counterpart to abstract data. Relatively little work has been done in exploring how to best utilize the third dimension to increase visualization capabilities beyond simply increasing the volume of data presented. This paper prsents a design principle that enriches the amount of semantic information that could be visualized by treating the third dimension not so much as one of three equivalent dimensions in three-space but as an independent channel of information.


title:
Automatic Structuring and Retrieval of Large Text Files

abstract:
In many operational environments, large text files must be processed covering a wide variety of different topic areas. Aids must then be provided to the user that permit collection browsing and make it possible to locate particular items on demand. The conventional text analysis methods based on preconstructed knowledge-bases and other vocabulary-control tools are difficult to apply when the subject coverage is unrestricted. An alternative approach, applicable to text collections in any subject area, is introduced which uses the document collections themselves as a basis for the text analysis, together with sophisticated text matching operations carried out at several levels of detail. Methods are described for relating semantically similar pieces of text, and for using the resulting hypertext structures for collection browsing and information retrieval.

keywords:
text analysis, hypertext, collection browsing, information retrieval


title:
A Vector Space Model for Automatic Indexing

abstract:
In a document retieval, or other pattern matching environment where stored entities (documents) are compared with each other, or with incoming patterns (search requests), it appears that the best indexing (property) space is one where each entity lies as far away from the others as possible; that is, retrieval performance correlates inversely with space density. This result is used to choose an optimum indexing vocabulary for a collection of documents. Typical evaluation results are shown demonstrating the usefulness of the model.

keywords:
pattern matching, vector space model, document retrieval


title:
Tree Visualisation and Navigation Clues for Information Visualisation

abstract:
Information visualisation very often requires good navigation aids on large trees, which represent the underlying abstract information. Using trees for information visualisation requires novel user interface techniques, visual clues, and navigational aids. This paper describes a visual clue for trees as well as an automatic folding (clustering) technique, both based on some mathematical concepts and results in combinatorics. Examples are shown how these techniques can be used, and what the further challenges in this area are.

keywords:
tree visualization, information visualization, clustering


title:
Performance Factors for Superscalar Processors

abstract:
This paper introduces three performance factors for dynamically scheduled superscalar processors. These factors, availability, efficiency, and utility, are then used to explain the variations in performance that occur with different processor and memory system features. The processor features that are investigated are branch prediction depth and following multiple branch paths. The memory system features that are investigated are cache size, associativity, miss penalty, and memory bus bandwidth. Dynamic scheduling with appropriate levels of bus bandwidth and branch prediction is shown to be remarkably effective at achieving good performance over a range of differing application types and over a range of cache miss rates. These results were obtained using a new simulation environment, MXS, which directly executes the benchmarks.

keywords:
superscalar processors, dynamic scheduling, MXS


title:
Using Complete Machine Simulation to Understand Computer System Behavior

abstract:
This dissertation describes complete machine simulation, a novel approach to understanding the behavior of modern computer systems. Complete machine simulation models all of the hardware found in modern computer systems, allowing it to investigate the behavior of highly configurable machines running commercial operating systems and important workloads such as database and web servers. Complete machine simulation extends the applicability of traditional machine simulation techniques by addressing speed and data organization challenges. To achieve the speed needed to investigate long-running workloads, complete machine simulation allows an investigator to dynamically adjust the characteristics of its hardware simulation. An investigator can select a high-speed, low-detail simulation setting to quickly pass through uninteresting portions of a workload''s execution. Once the workload has reached a more interesting execution state, an investigator can switch to slower, more detailed simulation to obtain behavioral information. To efficiently organize low-level hardware simulation data into more useful information, complete machine simulation provides several mechanisms that incorporate higher-level workload knowledge into the data management process. These mechanisms are efficient and further improve simulation speed by customizing all data collection and reporting to the specific needs of an investigation.


title:
Tioga-2: A Direct Manipulation Database Visualization Environment


abstract:
A general-purpose browser for directed graphs is described. The browser provides operations to examine and edit graphs. An operation is also provided to generate a layout for a graph automatically that minimizes edge crossings. Two layout algorithms were implemented. A hierarchical graph layout algorithm was found to be best for directed graphs. The graph browser also has facilities that allow it to be integrated with other applications (e.g., a program browser or a database design tool). These facilities and our experiences building a program call-graph browser are described.

keywords:
graph layout, graph browser, directed graphs


abstract:
Various algorithms have been proposed for the difficult problem of producing aesthetically pleasing drawings of trees, see Reingold and Tilford (1981), Wetherell and Shannon (1979) but implementations only exist as ``special purpose software", designed for special environments. Therefore, many users resort to the drawing facilites available on most personal computers, but the figures obtained in this way still look ``hand-drawn"; their quality is inferior to the quality of the surrounding text that can be realized by today''s high quality text processing systems. In this paper we present an entirely new solution that integrates a tree drawing algorithm into one of the best text processing systems available. More precisely, we present a TeX macro package TreeTeX that produces a drawing of a tree from a purely logical description. Our approach has three advantages. First, labels for nodes can be handled in a reasonable way. On the one hand, the tree drawing algorithm can compute the widths of the labels and take them into account for the positioning of the nodes; on the other hand, all the textual parts of the document can be treated uniformly. Second, TreeTeX can be trivially ported to any site running TeX. Finally, modularity in the description of a tree and TeX''s macro capabilities allow for libraries of subtrees and tree classes. In addition, we have implemented an option that produces drawing which make the {\em structure\/} of the trees more obvious to the human eye, even though they may not be as aesthetically pleasing.


title:
Visualizing n-dimensional virtual worlds with n-vision


title:
Presenting a graphical network: a comparison of performance using fisheye and scrolling views


title:
Algorithm animation over the World Wide Web

abstract:
In this paper we propose a new model, called Mocha, for providing algorithm animation over the World Wide Web. Mocha is a distributed model with a client-server architecture that optimally partitions the software components of a typical algorithm animation system, and leverages the power of the Java language, an emerging standard for distributing interactive platform-independent applications across the Web.Mocha provides high levels of security, protects the algorithm code, places a light communication load on the Internet, and allows users with limited computing resources to access animations of computationally expensive algorithms. The user interface combines fast responsiveness and user friendliness with the powerful authoring capabilities of hypertext narratives.We describe the architecture of Mocha and show its advantages over previous methods for algorithm animation over the Internet. We also present a prototype of an animation system for geometric algorithms that can be accessed by any user with a WWW browser supporting Java (currently Netscape 2.0 and HotJava) at URL http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/jib/Mocha.html.

keywords:
Mocha, algorithm animation, hypertext narratives


title:
Constant information density in zoomable interfaces

abstract:
We introduce a system that helps users construct interactive visualizations with constant information density. This work is an extension of the DataSplash database visulaization environment. DataSplash is a direct manipulation system in which users can construct and navigate visualizations. Objects' appearances change as users zoom closer to or further away from the visualization. Users specify graphically the point at which these changes occur.Our experience with DataSplash indicates that users find it difficult to construct visualizations that display an appropriate amount of detail. In this paper, we introduce an extension to DataSplash based on the Principle of Constant Information Density. This extension gives users feedback about the density of visualizations as they create them. We also introduce an extension that suggests improvements to existing visualizations.We have performed an informal study of user navigation in applications with and without constant information density. We suggest that designers take density into account when designing applications to avoid biasing user navigation in unexpected ways.

keywords:
clutter, information density, information navigation, interactive graphics, visual interfaces, visualization, zoomable interfaces


title:
FAST a multi-processed environment for visualization of computational fluid dynamics

abstract:
Three-dimensional, unsteady, multi-zoned fluid dynamics simulations over full scale aircraft is typical of problems being computed at NASA Ames' Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation (NAS) facility on CRAY2 and CRAY-YMP supercomputers. With multiple processor workstations available in the 10-30 Mflop range, we feel that these new developments in scientific computing warrant a new approach to the design and implementation of analysis tools. These larger, more complex problems create a need for new visualization techniques not possible with the existing software or systems available as of this writing and these visualization techniques will change as the supercomputing environment, and hence the scientific methods employed, evolve even further.Visualization of computational aerodynamics requires flexible, extensible, and adaptable software tools for performing analysis tasks. Flexible means the ability to handle a diverse range of problems. Extensible means the ability to interact at all levels of the software hierarchy, either through existing built-in functionality or through the implementation of custom "plug-in" modules. Adaptable means the ability to adapt to new software and hardware configurations through the use of modular structured programming methods, a graphics library standard, and the use of common network communication protocols (like UNIX sockets) for the distribution of processing.This paper discusses FAST (Flow Analysis Software Toolkit), an implementation of a software system for fluid mechanics analysis that is based on this approach.

keywords:
flow analysis, fluid mechanics, computational fluid dynamics


title:
A problem-oriented classification of visualization techniques

abstract:
Progress in scientific visualization could be accelerated if workers could more readily find visualization techniques relevant to a given problem. This paper describes an approach to this problem based on a classification of visualization techniques that is independent of particular application domains. A user breaks up a problem into subproblems, describes these subproblems in terms of the objects to be represented and the operations to be supported by a representation, locates applicable visualization techniques in a catalog, and combines these representation into a composite representation for the original problem. The catalog and its underlying classification provide a way for workers in different application disciplines to share methods.


title:
Shape coding of multidimensional data on a microcomputer display

abstract:
The visual representation of data from complex systems, whether databases, measured scientific data, or simulation output, holds the promise of discovering patterns in the data that will increase its management efficiency while revealing relationships invisible to numeric methods. In this paper we present a simple and flexible method of shape coding for higher dimensional data sets that allows the database operator or discipline scientist quick access to promising patterns within and among records or samples. The example used is a thirteen parameter set of solar wind, magnetosphere, and ground observation data collected hourly for twenty-one days in 1976.

keywords:
higher dimensional data sets, pattern discovery


title:
Visualizing a scalar field on an N-dimensional lattice

abstract:
The authors address the problem of visualizing a scalar dependent variable which is a function of many independent variables. In particular, cases where the number of independent variables is three or greater are discussed. A new hierarchical method of plotting that allows one to interactively view millions of data points with up to 10 independent variables is presented. The technique is confined to the case where each independent variable is sampled in a regular grid or lattice-like fashion, i.e., in equal increments. The proposed technique can be described in either an active or a passive manner. In the active view the points of the N-dimensional independent variables lattice are mapped to a single horizontal axis in a hierarchical manner, while in the passive view an observer samples the points of the N -dimensional lattice in a prescribed fashion and notes the values of the dependent variable. In the passive view a plot of the dependent variable versus a single parametric variable, which is simply the sampling number, forms the multidimensional graph.

keywords:
computer graphics, graph theory, lattice, scatter field visualization


title:
Parallel coordinates a tool for visualizing multi-dimensional geometry

abstract:
A methodology for visualizing analytic and synthetic geometry in R^N is presented. It is based on a system of parallel coordinates which induces a nonprojective mapping between N-dimensional and two-dimensional sets. Hypersurfaces are represented by their planar images which have some geometrical properties analogous to the properties of the hypersurface that they represent. A pointline duality when N=2 generalizes to lines and hyperplanes enabling the representation of polyhedra in R^N. The representation of a class of convex and non-convex hypersurfaces is discussed, together with an algorithm for constructing and displaying any interior point. The display shows some local properties of the hypersurface and provides information on the point's proximity to the boundary. Applications are discussed.

keywords:
Multi-Dimensional Geometry, Parallel Coordinates, Statistical Graphics, Visualization


title:
A tool for visualizing the topology of three-dimensional vector fields

abstract:
A description is given of a software system, TOPO, taht numerically analyzes and graphically displays topological aspects of a three-dimensional vector field, v, to produce a single, relatively simple picture that characterizes v. The topology of v considered consists of its critical points (where v = 0), their invariant manifolds, and the intergral curves connecting these invariant manifolds. The field in the neighborhood of each critical point is approximated by the Taylor expansion. The coefficients of the first nonzero term fo the taylor expansion around a critical point are the 3x3 matrix delta-v. Critical ppoints are classified by examining delta-v's eigenvalues. The eigenvectors of delta-v span the invariant manifolds of the linearized field around a critical point. Curves integrated from initial points on the eigen vectors a small distance from the critical point connect with other critical points (or the boundary) to complete the topology. One class of critical surfaces that is important in computational fluid dynamics is analyzed.


title:
Interactive data visualization using focusing and linking

abstract:
Two basic principles for interactive visualization of high-dimensional data-focusing and linking-are discussed. Focusing techniques may involve selecting subsets, dimension reduction, or some more general manipulation of the layout information on the page or screen. A consequent of focusing is that each view only conveys partial information about the data and needs to be linked so that the information contained in individual views can be integrated into a coherent image of the data as a whole. Examples are given of how graphical data analysis methods based on focusing and linking are used in applications including linguistics, geographic information systems, time series analysis, and the analysis of multi-channel images arising in radiology and remote sensing.

keywords:
graphical data analysis methods, geographic information system, interactive data visualization, time series analysis


title:
Tree-Maps a space-filling approach to the visualization of hierarchical information structures

abstract:
A method for visualizing hierarchically structured information is described. The tree-map visualization technique makes 100% use of the available display space, mapping the full hierarchy onto a rectangular region in a space-filling manner. This efficient use of space allows very large hierarchies to be displayed in their entirety and facilitates the presentation of semantic information. Tree-maps can depict both the structure and content of the hierarchy. However, the approach is best suited to hierarchies in which the content of the leaf nodes and the structure of the hierarchy are of primary importance, and the content information associated with internal nodes is largely derived from their children.

keywords:
computer graphics, data analysis, display space, hierarchical information structures, tree-map visualization technique.


title:
Improving the visualization of hierarchies with treemaps design issues and experimentation

abstract:
ontrolled experiments with novice treemap users and real data highlight the strengths of treemaps and provide direction for improvement. Issues discussed include experimental results, layout algorithms, nesting offsets, labeling, animation, and small multiple displays. Treemaps prove to be a potent tool for hierarchy display. The principles discussed are applicable to many information visualization situations.

keywords:
computer animation, data visualization, tree data structures, trees, hierarchy display, small multiple displays


title:
Visualizing code profiling line oriented statistics

abstract:
A visualization technique that makes it possible to display and analyze line count profile data is described. The technique is to make a reduced picture of code with the line execution counts identified with color. Hot spots are shown in red, warm spots in orange, and so on. It is possible to identify nonexecuted code and nonexecutable code such as declarations and static tables.


abstract:
An information retrieval frame work that promotes graphical displays, and that will make documents in the computer visualizable to the searcher, is described. As examples of such graphical displays, two simulation results of using a Kohonen feature map to generate map displays for information retrieval are presented and discussed. The map displays are a mapping from a high-dimensional document space to a two-dimensional space. They show document relationships by various visual cues, such as dots, links, clusters, and areas, as well as their measurement and spatial arrangement. Using the map displays as an interface for document retrieval systems, the user is provided with richer visual information to support browsing and searching.

keywords:
document handling, information retrieval, self-organizing feature maps, Kohonen feature map, browsing, document space


title:
Texture splats for 3D scalar and vector field visualization

abstract:
Volume visualization is becoming an important tool for understanding large 3D data sets. A popular technique for volume rendering is known as splatting. With new hardware architectures offering substantial improvements in the performance of rendering texture mapped objects, we present textured splats. An ideal reconstruction function for 3D signals is developed which can be used as a texture map for a splat. Extensions to the basic splatting technique are then developed to additionally represent vector fields.

keywords:
3D scalar field visualisation, 3D signals, 3D vector field visualization, image reconstruction, image texture, splatting, volume visualization, data visualization, volume rendering.


title:
Computer visualization of long genomic sequences

abstract:
Human beings find it difficult to analyze local and global oligonucleotide patterns in the linear primary sequences of a genome. In this paper, we present a family of iterated function systems (IFS) that can be used to generate a set of visual models of a DNA sequence. A new visualization function, the W-curve, that is derived from this IFS family is introduced. Using W-curves, a user can readily compare subsequences within a long genomic sequence - or between genomic sequences - and can visually evaluate the effect of local variations (mutations) upon the global genomic information content.

keywords:
biology computing, computer visualization, global genomic information content, data visualization, subsequences visual models.


abstract:
n order to develop a foundation for visualization, we develop lattice models for data objects and displays that focus on the fact that data objects are approximations to mathematical objects and real displays are approximations to ideal displays. These lattice models give us a way to quantize the information content of data and displays and to define conditions on the visualization mappings from data to displays. Mappings satisfy these conditions if and only if they are lattice isomorphisms. We show how to apply this result to scientific data and display models, and discuss how it might be applied to recursively defined data types appropriate for complex information processing.

keywords:
complex information processing, data display, data objects, data visualization, lattice isomorphisms, lattice model


title:
XmdvTool integrating multiple methods for visualizing multivariate data

abstract:
Much of the attention in visualization research has focussed on data rooted in physical phenomena, which is generally limited to three or four dimensions. However, many sources of data do not share this dimensional restriction. A critical problem in the analysis of such data is providing researchers with tools to gain insights into characteristics of the data, such as anomalies and patterns. Several visualization methods have been developed to address this problem, and each has its strengths and weaknesses. This paper describes a system named XmdvTool which integrates several of the most common methods for projecting multivariate data onto a two-dimensional screen. This integration allows users to explore their data in a variety of formats with ease. A view enhancement mechanism called an N-dimensional brush is also described. The brush allows users to gain insights into spatial relationships over N dimensions by highlighting data which falls within a user-specified subspace.

keywords:
n-dimensional brush, data visualization, physical phenomena, integral multiple methods, multivariate data, spatial relationships


title:
CartoDraw A Fast Algorithm for Generating Contiguous Cartograms

abstract:
Cartograms are a well-known technique for showing geography-related statistical information, such as population demographics and epidemiological data. The basic idea is to distort a map by resizing its regions according to a statistical parameter, but in a way that keeps the map recognizable. In this study, we formally define a family of cartogram drawing problems. We show that even simple variants are unsolvable in the general case. Because the feasible variants are NP-complete, heuristics are needed to solve the problem. Previously proposed solutions suffer from problems with the quality of the generated drawings. For a cartogram to be recognizable, it is important to preserve the global shape or outline of the input map, a requirement that has been overlooked in the past. To address this, our objective function for cartogram drawing includes both global and local shape preservation. To measure the degree of shape preservation, we propose a shape similarity function, which is based on a Fourier transformation of the polygonsÃ curvatures. Also, our application is visualization of dynamic data, for which we need an algorithm that recalculates a cartogram in a few seconds. None of the previous algorithms provides adequate performance with an acceptable level of quality for this application. In this paper, we therefore propose an efficient iterative scanline algorithm to reposition edges while preserving local and global shapes. Scanlines may be generated automatically or entered interactively to guide the optimization process more closely. We apply our algorithm to several example data sets and provide a detailed comparison of the two variants of our algorithm and previous approaches.

keywords:
Information visualization, visualization of geo-related information, continuous cartograms, value-by-area cartograms, visualization and cartography.


title:
Data characterization for intelligent graphics presentation

abstract:
An automatic presentation system is an intelligent interface component which receives information from a user or application program and designs a combination of graphics and text that effectively conveys it. It is a facility that assumes the presentation responsibilities for other programs. An important research question has been how information should be specified or described by an application program for it to be presented by an automatic presenter. This paper proposes a taxonomy of information characteristics which would need to be provided to either human or computer designers for them to create presentations reflecting the individual needs of a diverse group of users. The proposed taxonomy of characteristics defines the representational goals for intelligent interfaces which reason about graphical displays.

keywords:
Interaction Techniques, Models and Principles, Graphics Editors, Document and Text Processing


title:
Rapid controlled movement through a virtual 3D workspace

abstract:
Computer graphics hardware supporting real-time interactive 3D animation has the potential to support effective user interfaces by enabling virtual 3D workspaces. However, this potential requires development of viewpoint movement techniques that support rapid and controlled movement through workspaces. Rapid movement through large distances avoids wasted work time; controlled movement near taget objects allows the user to examine and interact with objects in the workspace. Current techiques for viewpoint movement typically use high velocities to cover distances rapidly, but high velocities are hard to control near objects. This paper describes a new technique for targeted viewpoint movement that solves this problem. The key idea is to have the user indicate a point of interest (target) on a 3D object and use the distance to this target to move the viewpoint logarithmically, by moving the same relative percentage of distance to the target on every animation cycle. The result is rapid motion over distances that slows as the viewpoint approaches the target object. The technique can be used with 2D and multidimensional input devices. We also extend the technique to move objects in the workspace.

keywords:
Interaction Techniques, User Interfaces, Viewpoint movement, object movement, virtual reality, interactive graphics, 3D graphics, logarithmic motion, 3D workspaces.


title:
Footprint evaluation for volume rendering

abstract:
This paper presents a forward mapping rendering algorithm to display regular volumetric grids that may not have the same spacings in the three grid directions. It takes advantage of the fact that confolution can be thought of as distributing energy from input samples into space. The renderer calculates an image plane footprint for each data sample and uses the footprint to spread the sample's energy onto the image plane. A result of the technique is that the forward mapping algorithm can support perspective without excessive cost, and support adaptive resampling of the three-dimensional data set during image generation.

keywords:
3D Image, Volume Rendering, Reconstruction, Algorithms


title:
Worlds within worlds: metaphors for exploring n-dimensional virtual worlds

abstract:
N-Vision is a testbed for exploratory n-dimensional worlds containing functions of an arbitrary number of variables. Although our interaction devices and display hardware are inherently 3D, we demonstrate how they can be used to support interaction with these higher-dimensional objects. We introduce a new interaction metaphor developed for the system, which we call "worlds within worlds": nested heterogeneous coordinate systems that allow the user to view and manipulate functions. Objects in our world may be explored with a set of tools. We describe an example n-Vision application in "financial visualization," where the functions are models of financial instruments. n-Vision's software architecture supports a hierarchy of arbitrarily transformed, nested boxes that defines an interactive space within which information is displayed and input obtained. Our design, modeled in part after the hierarchical 2D windows of the X Window System, is intended to provide an environment that is well suited to the use of true 3D input and stereo display devices. Boxes are associated with event handlers that support 3D motion, enter, and leave events, and provide recognition of finger gestures.

keywords:
User interfaces, hierarchy and geometric transformations, interaction techniques


title:
Painting multiple views of complex objects

abstract:
This paper reviews and illustrates a direct manipulation approach to visualization of complex objects called painting multiple views. We describe a programming model for direct manipulation in general and for painting in particular, based on simple constraints between entities in an the underlying scientific database and the components of displays used to examine the data. With this model, the original notion of "brushing scatterplots" is easily extended.

keywords:
direct manipulation interface, exploratory data analysis


title:
Computing the minimum Hausdorff distance for point sets under translation

abstract:
We consider the problem of computing a translation that minimizes the Hausdorff distance between two sets of points. For points in R1 in the worst case there are O(mn) translations at which the Hausdorff distance is a local minimum, where m is the number of points in one set and n is the number in the other. For points in R2 there are O(mn(m + n)) such local minima. We show how to compute the minimal Hausdorff distance in time O(mn log mn) for points in R1 and in time O(m2n2) A(mn)) for points in R2. The results for the one-dimensional case are applied to the problem of comparing polygons under general affine transformations, where we extend the recent results of Arkin et al on polygon resemblance under rigid body motion. The two-dimensional case is closely related to the problem of finding an approximate congruence between two points sets under translation in the plane, as considered by Alt et al.

keywords:
Geometrical Problems and Computations, Pattern Matching


title:
A visual calendar for scheduling group meetings

abstract:
Scheduling group meetings requires access to participants' calendars, typically located in scattered pockets or desks. Placing participants' calendars on-line and using a rule-based scheduler to find a time slot would alleviate the problem to some extent, but it often is difficult to trust the results, because correct scheduling rules are elusive, varying with the participants and the agenda of a particular meeting. What's needed is a comprehensive scheduling system that summarizes the available information for quick, flexible, and reliable scheduling. We have developed a prototype of a priority-based, graphical scheduling system called Visual Scheduler (VS). A controlled experiment comparing automatic scheduling with VS to manual scheduling demonstrated the former to be faster and less error prone. A field study conducted over six weeks at the UNC-CH Computer Science Department showed VS to be a generally useful system and provided valuable feedback on ways to enhance the functionality of the system to increase its value as a groupwork tool. In particular, users found priority-based time-slots and access to scheduling decision reasoning advantageous. VS has been in use by more than 75 faculty, staff, and graduate students since Fall 1987.

keywords:
Human Factors, Human Information Processing, Information Systems Applications


# author_term_lines

term_line:
The X-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Data;   VisDB: Database Exploration Using Multidimensional Visualization; colour; computerised-picture-processing; heated-object-color-scale; linearized-gray-scale; linearized-optimal-color-scale; LOCS; medical-computing; medical-image-data; perception  VisDB: a system for visualizing large databases;   Visualization Techniques for Mining Large Databases: A Comparison; analysis; computer-graphics; design; designer-guidelines; evaluation; graphical-user-interfaces; image-processing; image-browser-taxonomy; informal-specification-technique; large-image-brÿ섷眙彼ܪ읔܂뚟眙彼ܪ읔܂ᡘᬁ랐ߑ䳡ᬂࠄⲼ眒ᩆ眒Ѐᙄ眒㞽眒�۶۶᭴�۶�۶䫘ᬂ㟜眒ᓬ眒㞽眒―᭴۶ꓠ۶䧩᭴۶Ȍ۶  Supporting Data Mining of Large Databases by Visual Feedback Queries; Design; Human-Factors; Information-Search-and-Retrieval; Information-storage-and-retrieval; Information-Systems; Search-process; Systems-and-Software; Web-View  Recursive Pattern: A Technique for Visualizing Very Large Amounts of Data; brushing; multivariate-data-visualization; visual-data-exploration


term_line:
A Framework for Circular Drawings of Networks;   Circular Drawings of Biconnected Graphs;   Graph Drawing: Algorithms for the Visualization of Graphs, 1st edition;   Interactive Orthogonal Graph Drawing; empirical-evaluation; fromal-models-of-the-user; icons; screen-design  Effective Graph Visualization Via Node Grouping; geographic-visualization; health-statistics; multivariate-statistical-visualization


term_line:
Flexible information visualization of multivariate data from biological sequence similarity searches; force-directed-placement; high-dimensional-data; layout-algorithms; spring-models; stochastic-algorithms; visualization  Visualization of Biological Sequence Similarity Search Results; aerospace-computing; air-to-air-combat; computer-aided-fighter-pilots; expert-system; expert-systems; human-factors; human-factors; military-systems; mission-goal; operational-characteristic芑ᬂ쨀​笭ᬀץ쐨ۺ퓧ᬀ쐨ۺ쒌ۺý　࡟　࡟ᬑ頸ᬀꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꫰ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT  Principles for Information Visualization Spreadsheets; 3D-hyperbolic-space; computational-geometry; computer-graphics; fluid-interaction; graph-exploration; graph-theory; H3Viewer-drawing-algorithm; large-graphs; mathematics-computing; software-libraries芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙윌܂彼ܪ뚟眙윌܂彼ܪꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꫰ߒ쐨ۺ  A spreadsheet approach to information visualization; adaptive-information-visualization-method; CVI; data-visualisation; graphical-user-interfaces; hypermedia; information-retrieval; interactive-3D-visualization; interactive-viewpoint-selection; Internet芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙읔܂彼ܪ뚟眙읔܂彼ܪꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꫰ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠  An Operator Interaction Framework for Visualization Systems; 3D-interface; ecological-layout; graphical-interface; icon; regular-layout; spatial-metaphor


term_line:
A methodology for building application-specific visualizations of parallel programs;   Applying algorithm animation techniques for program tracing, debugging, and understanding;   Technical Note: Visually Encoding Program Test Information to Find Faults in Software; decision-tree; linked-views  Software Visualization;   Focus+Context Display and Navigation Techniques for Enhancing Radial, Space-Filling Hierarchy Visualizations; Electric-Power-System-Visualization; Electric-Utility-Restructuring; Interactive-3D  The information mural: a technique for displaying and navigating large information spaces; action; archived-reports; data-visualisation; digital-libraries; information-interaction; information-retrieval; informational-characteristics; large-text-document芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙윌܂읔܂뚟眙윌܂읔܂ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ궐ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠磜ᬁ螠ߒ鄏ᬀ謠ߒ䓋矹괸ܧ词矵瑀ߒ頔ᬂ舠ᬂᬁ۶۶߰ᱸõ迸ᬁ螠ߒ犠ߒ⌸剦堖ᬄ螠ߒ߰᝘剦ᬁឬ剦᝘剦ឬ剦呞ᬄ喉ᬄ?ࠄ窦᭴۶۶醰᭺۶ㄿ眒彼ܪࠄ稌  An evaluation of space-filling information visualizations for depicting hierarchical structures; 3D-user-interfaces; document-management; information-visualization; spatial-memory  Do algorithm animations assist learning? an empirical study and analysis; 3D; communication; control; CSCW; distribution; resource-sharing; user-interaction; virtual-reality; visualization  TANGO: A Framework and System for Algorithm Animation; graph-drawing; graph-layouts  Creating an Accurate Portrayal of Concurrent Executions;   Toward Flexible Control of the Temporal Mapping from Concurrent Program Events to Animations;


term_line:
Information visualization using 3D interactive animation;   The perspective wall: detail and context smoothly integrated;   Rapid controlled movement through a virtual 3D workspace; Document-and-Text-Processing; Graphics-Editors; Interaction-Techniques; Models-and-Principles  Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information;   Opportunities for Information Visualization; biology-computing; botany; branching-object-generation; bushes; computational-geometry; computer-graphics; flowers; free-form-deformations; geometric-modelling-techniques; geometrical-elements; geometrical-par芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙읔܂윌܂
뚟眙읔܂윌܂ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ䒨矹!ಸᯀܨ࣒؀裰矺㡰矵䒨矹絰矵診矵꯱矧ĀöẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠磜ᬁ螠ߒ鄏ᬀ謠ߒ䓋矹괸ܧ词矵瑀ߒ頔ᬂ  The Document Lens; information-systems; information-visualization; Internet; WWW  Visualizing Data with Bounded Uncertainty; 3D; affine-structure; metric-structure; virtual-reality; Visualization  The cognitive coprocessor architecture for interactive user interfaces; automatic-graph-drawing; clustered-graph; computational-geometry; hierarchical-graph; straight-line-drawing  Using vision to think;   Developing calendar visualizers for the information visualizer; 3D-user-interface; scientific-visualization  Rich interaction in the digital library;   Fluid Visualization of Spreadsheet Structures; graphical-user-interfaces; information-visualization; visualization


term_line:
Cushion Treemaps: Visualization of Hierarchical Information; Brushing; exploratory-data-analysis; hierarchical-representation; interactive-selection  Cluster and Calendar Based Visualization of Time Series Data; Information-Visualization; Tree-Visualization; Treemaps  Visualization of State Transition Graphs; graphs; hierarchies.; massive-data-sets; visualization  Botanical Visualization of Huge Hierarchies; 3D-graphics; hierarchy; interactive-tree; sitemap; visualization; VRML; web-navigation; XML  Beamtrees: Compact Visualization of Large Hierarchies;


term_line:
Pad++: a zooming graphical interface for exploring alternate interface physics; fisheye-display; focus+context-technique; hierarchy-display; information-visualization  KidPad: a design collaboration between children, technologists, and educators; interactive-graphics; taxonomy; visualization  Pad++: a zoomable graphical interface system; database-query; dynamic-queries; information-exploration; information-visualization; tight-coupling  Graphical multiscale Web histories: a study of padprints; database-visualization; direct-manipulation; visual-programming  Edit wear and read wear; fisheye-views; information-visualization


term_line:
DataSplash; direct-manipulation; human-factors; specification-language; specification-techniques; state-transition-diagram; user-interfaces; user-interface-management-system-(UIMS)  Constant information density in zoomable interfaces; algorithm-animation; hypertext-narratives; Mocha  Tioga-2: A Direct Manipulation Database Visualization Environment; complete-machine-simulation  Guidelines for using multiple views in information visualization; authors-kit; conference-publications; guides; instructions  Navigation and coordination primitives for multidimensional visual browsers; force-directed; graph-drawing; graph-layout; MDS; multidimensional-scaling  Getting Portals to Behave; database-analysis; database-visualization; multidimensional-databases; visualization-formalism


term_line:
Characterizing interactive externalizations; isosurfaces; line-integral-convolution; principal-directions; shape-representation; solid-texture; stroke-textures; transparent-surfaces; visualization; volume-rendering  The attribute explorer; Dynamic-queries; Information-Retrieval; Video-On-Demand  Visualization for functional design; aesthetics; automatic-visualization-engine; automatic-visualization-process; AVE; CAD; data-characterization; data-visualisation; diagram-design; diagrams; information-visualization; process-model; semantic-networks  Describing interactive visualization artifacts-DIVA; authoring; hypertext; information-navigation; information-visualization; interactive-interfaces; multimedia; multiscale-interfaces; navigation; world-wide-web; zooming  The influence explorer;   Externalising abstract mathematical models; amulet; command-objects; redo; toolkits; undo; user-interface-development-environment


term_line:
ThemeRiver: Visualizing Theme Changes over Time; collaboration; geographic-visualization; spatio-temporal; user-task-analysis  ThemeRiver: Visualizing Thematic Changes in Large Document Collections; Brushing; exploratory-data-analysis.; hierarchical-representation; interactive-selection  Change Blindness in Information Visualization: A Case Study;   Graphical Encoding for Information Visualization: An Empirical Study; multi-focus-distortion; Radial-space-filling-hierarchy-visualization; structure-based-brushing  Visualizing search results: some alternatives to query-document similarity;   Envision: a user-centered database of computer science literature;


term_line:
A linear iteration time layout algorithm for visualising high-dimensional data; geometry; interactive; morphing; simplification; space-partitioning; textures; visibility-culling; visual-complexity  A Hybrid Layout Algorithm for Sub-Quadratic Multidimensional Scaling;   Pearls, Swines and Sow's Ears: Interface Research Inside a Multinational Bank;   Bead: explorations in information visualization; Design; DISCRETE-MATHEMATICS; Human-Factors; Information-Systems; Mathematics-of-Computing; user-interface  Adding imageability features to information displays; aesthetics; graph-drawing; simulated-annealing  Domesticating Bead: adapting an information visualization system to a financial institution; information-visualization; multivariate-data; relational-data; scatterplot; volume-rendering


term_line:
Graphical Fisheye Views; OLAP; relational-databases  Collaborative Active Textbooks: A Web-Based Algorithm Animation System for an Electronic Classroom; Data-compression; Data-visualization; Multiresolution-visualization; Wavelet-transform  Graphical Fisheye Views of Graphs; cactus; flower-head; modeling-of-plants; realistic-image-synthesis; spiral-phyllotaxis  A system for algorithm animation; Camera; Constructive-solid-geometry; Depth-of-field; Focus; Gloss; Motion-blur; Penumbras; Ray-tracing; Shadows; Translucency; Transparency  Algorithm animation using 3D interactive graphics; graphical-visualization; information-visualization; interactive-systems; interface-metaphors  The DeckScape web browser; cinema; interaction-design; three-dimensional-visualization; visual-design  Algorithm animation using 3D interactive graphics; complex-concurrent-systems; higraphs; statecharts  Software Visualization;


term_line:
Cat-a-Cone: an interactive interface for specifying searches and viewing retrieval results using a large category hierarchy;   TileBars: visualization of term distribution information in full text information access;   Rich interaction in the digital library;   Scatter/gather browsing communicates the topic structure of a very large text collection; hypertext; information-visualization; World-Wide-Web  Animated Exploration of Dynamic Graphs with Radial Layout; Experimental-Studies; Force-Directed-Drawing; Graph-Drawing; Graph-Visualization; Node-Grouping; Orthogonal-Drawing


term_line:
InterRing: An Interactive Tool for Visually Navigating and Manipulating Hierarchical Structures; brushing; focus+context-visualization; information-visualization; linear-correlations; parallel-coordinates  Structure-Based Brushes: A Mechanism for Navigating Hierarchically Organized Data and Information Spaces; clustering.; fish-eye; focus+context; graph-drawing; graph-visualization; Information-visualization; navigation  Hierarchical parallel coordinates for exploration of large datasets; empirical-study; user-study  XmdvTool integrating multiple methods for visualizing multivariate data; complex-information-processing; data-display; data-objects; data-visualization; lattice-isomorphisms; lattice-model  High Dimensional Brushing for Interactive Exploration of Multivariate Data; DNA; molecular-biology; protein; sequence; similarity-search; visualization  Navigating Hierarchies with Structure-Based Brushes; 3-d-user-interfaces; information-visualization; inter-cell-dependencies; lifting-up-operation; Natto-View; spreadsheets


term_line:
SDM: selective dynamic manipulation of visualizations; animation; automatic-layout; direct-manipulation; directness; live-editing; liveness; structural-reification; user-interface-construction; user-interface-frameworks  Demystifying Venture Capital Investing;   On the semantics of interactive visualizations; application-domains; C++-class-browser; hierarchically-structured-information; information-navigation; interactive-information-visualization; presentation-toolkit; rapid-prototyping; software-architecture; 芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙읔܂윌܂
뚟眙읔܂윌܂ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ궐ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠  SDM: malleable information graphics; alphasliders; arbitrary-graphical-objects; automatic-dynamic-query-creation; computer-animation; data-visualisation; database-objects; database-relations; details-on-demand-retrieval; HTML-file; Information-Visualizat芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙풤۰윌܂
뚟眙풤۰윌܂ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ궐ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠磜ᬁ螠ߒ鄏ᬀ謠ߒ䓋矹괸ܧ词矵瑀ߒ頔ᬂ舠ᬂᬁ۶۶߰ᱸõ迸ᬁ螠ߒ犠ߒ⌸剦堖ᬄ螠ߒ߰᝘剦ᬁឬ剦᝘剦ឬ剦呞ᬄ喉ᬄ?ࠄ窦᭴۶۶醰᭺۶ㄿ眒읔܂  Managing Software with New Visual Representations;   Sketching, searching, and customizing visualizations: a content-based approach to design retrieval;   Dynamic Aggregation with Circular Visual Designs;


term_line:
Navigation and coordination primitives for multidimensional visual browsers; force-directed; graph-drawing; graph-layout; MDS; multidimensional-scaling  DataSplash; direct-manipulation; human-factors; specification-language; specification-techniques; state-transition-diagram; user-interfaces; user-interface-management-system-(UIMS)  VIQING: Visual Interactive QueryING; animation; dataflow-graph; fluid-user-interfaces; information-visualization; spreadsheet  Constant information density in zoomable interfaces; algorithm-animation; hypertext-narratives; Mocha  Tioga-2: A Direct Manipulation Database Visualization Environment; complete-machine-simulation


term_line:
TOPIC ISLANDS-a wavelet-based text visualization system; interfaces-to-databases; visualizing-geographical-data; visualizing-large-data-sets; visualizing-spatially-referenced-data  Authenticity Analysis of Wavelet Approximations in Visualization; database-visualization; interaction; metadata; user-modeling; visual-database-exploration  30 Years of Multidimensional Multivariate Visualization;   Visualizing Association Rules for Text Mining; Computer-systems-visualization; superscalar-processors; visualization-systems  Visualizing Sequential Patterns for Text Mining;   Dual multiresolution HyperSlice for multivariate data visualization; computer-animation; flow-visualization; high-dimensional-data-sets; iterative-nonlinear-technique; multidimensional-data; multidimensional-scaling-animation; multivariate-data; N-dimens芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙읔܂彼ܪ
뚟眙읔܂彼ܪꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ  Multiresolution multidimensional wavelet brushing;


term_line:
A Fully Animated Interactive System for Clustering and Navigating Huge Graphs;   Drawing Clustered Graphs on an Orthogonal Grid;   FADE: Graph Drawing, Clustering, and Visual Abstraction;   Graph Drawing: Algorithms for the Visualization of Graphs, 1st edition;   Algorithms for Drawing Graphs: An Annotated Bibliography; cone-tree; FLESH; rapid-prototyping  Multilevel Visualization of Clustered Graphs;   Straight-Line Drawing Algorithms for Hierarchical Graphs and Clustered Graphs; fisheye-views; graph-layouts; nested-graphs; node-disjointness-problem; software-visualization; Visualization


term_line:
The cost structure of sensemaking; fisheye-views; graphs; navigation; nested-hypertext-networks; overviews  Visualizing the evolution of Web ecologies; automated-design-of-graphics; visual-discourse; visual-task-characterization  A focus+context technique based on hyperbolic geometry for visualizing large hierarchies; Hierarchization; Hypermedia; Information-Visualization; Overview-Diagrams  Table Lens as a tool for making sense of data; 3D-interaction-techniques; graphic-presentations; interface-metaphors; screen-layout; user-interface-design-issues  The scent of a site: a system for analyzing and predicting information scent, usage, and usability of a Web site; collaboration; interactivity; maps; scientific-visualization; virtual-reality  Information foraging in information access environments; Exploratory-Data-Analysis; Fisheye-Technique; Focus+context-Technique; Graphical-Representations; Information-Visualization; Relational; Spreadsheets; Tables  Scatter/gather browsing communicates the topic structure of a very large text collection; hypertext; information-visualization; World-Wide-Web  Silk from a sow's ear: extracting usable structures from the Web; 3D-graphics; information-access; information-workspace; user-interfaces; workspace; World-Wide-Web


term_line:
Authenticity Analysis of Wavelet Approximations in Visualization; database-visualization; interaction; metadata; user-modeling; visual-database-exploration  Dual multiresolution HyperSlice for multivariate data visualization; computer-animation; flow-visualization; high-dimensional-data-sets; iterative-nonlinear-technique; multidimensional-data; multidimensional-scaling-animation; multivariate-data; N-dimens芑ᬂ쨀​笭ᬀץ	쐨ۺ퓧ᬀ
쐨ۺ쒌ۺý　࡟　࡟ᬑ頸ᬀꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ  Multiresolution multidimensional wavelet brushing;   Dynamic Hierarchy Specification and Visualization;   30 Years of Multidimensional Multivariate Visualization;


term_line:
A focus+context technique based on hyperbolic geometry for visualizing large hierarchies; Hierarchization; Hypermedia; Information-Visualization; Overview-Diagrams  The table lens: merging graphical and symbolic representations in an interactive focus + context visualization for tabular information; database-query; dynamic-queries; information-seeking; starfield-displays; tight-coupling  Table Lens as a tool for making sense of data; 3D-interaction-techniques; graphic-presentations; interface-metaphors; screen-layout; user-interface-design-issues  Managing multiple focal levels in Table Lens; Cacti; data-model; data-sources; data-visualisation; dynamic-analysis; high-quality; multiple-data-sources; program-visualization-front-end; queries; resource-files; software-understanding; static-analysis; v芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙풤۰彼ܪ  Laying out and visualizing large trees using a hyperbolic space; 3D-interactive-graphics; abstracted-information-spaces; information-interaction-design; information-space-design; information-visualization; pyramidal-information-structures  Rich interaction in the digital library;   Exploring large tables with the table lens; Interactive-Graphics; Visualization  Silk from a sow's ear: extracting usable structures from the Web; 3D-graphics; information-access; information-workspace; user-interfaces; workspace; World-Wide-Web


term_line:
Information visualization; algorithm-animation; geometric-algorithms; visulaization-in-education  Visualizing the evolution of Web ecologies; automated-design-of-graphics; visual-discourse; visual-task-characterization  Information visualization using 3D interactive animation;   The cognitive coprocessor architecture for interactive user interfaces; automatic-graph-drawing; clustered-graph; computational-geometry; hierarchical-graph; straight-line-drawing  The cost structure of sensemaking; fisheye-views; graphs; navigation; nested-hypertext-networks; overviews  The WebBook and the Web Forager: an information workspace for the World-Wide Web; animation; decision-making  Rapid controlled movement through a virtual 3D workspace; Document-and-Text-Processing; Graphics-Editors; Interaction-Techniques; Models-and-Principles  Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information;   The table lens: merging graphical and symbolic representations in an interactive focus + context visualization for tabular information; database-query; dynamic-queries; information-seeking; starfield-displays; tight-coupling  Sensemaking of Evolving Web Sites Using Visualization Spreadsheets; Cluster-Analysis; Information-Visualization; Time-Series-Data  Exploring large tables with the table lens; Interactive-Graphics; Visualization  Information foraging in information access environments; Exploratory-Data-Analysis; Fisheye-Technique; Focus+context-Technique; Graphical-Representations; Information-Visualization; Relational; Spreadsheets; Tables  Using vision to think;   The perspective wall: detail and context smoothly integrated;   Rich interaction in the digital library;   The structure of the information visualization design space; 2D-pattern-recognition-problem; approximate-optimization; competition; data-visualisation; decision-support; economic-model; economic-policies; economic-sectors; knowledge-discovery; modeling-r芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙풤۰읔܂
뚟眙풤۰읔܂ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꘰ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠磜ᬁ螠ߒ鄏ᬀ謠ߒ


term_line:
Incremental Layout in DynaDAG;   Large networks present visualization challenges; blobby-surface; bump-map; generalized-cylinder; interpolation; modeling; ramiform; space-curve; spline; texture-map  CartoDraw A Fast Algorithm for Generating Contiguous Cartograms; data-visualization; integral-multiple-methods; multivariate-data; n-dimensional-brush; physical-phenomena; spatial-relationships  A Technique for Drawing Directed Graphs; canonical-form; closed-planar-curves; computational-geometry; edge-detection; image-processing; invariant-shape-descriptor; isoperimetric-normalization; object-recognition; piecewise-smooth-closed-curve; projectiv芑ᬂ쨀​  Efficient Cartogram Generation: A Comparison;


term_line:
Cacti: a front end for program visualization; fisheye-views; hypertext; mental-map; Nested-graphs; pan-and-zoom; program-understanding; software-visualization  Simplifying data integration: the design of the desert software development environment; Concurrent-monitoring; distributed-monitoring; dynamic-documentation; graphical-monitoring  Software tools and environments;   3-D Visualization of Program Information;   Stretching the rubber sheet: a metaphor for viewing large layouts on small screens; animation; cartoons; motion-blur; Self; user-interfaces  An empirical study of multiple-view software development;


term_line:
Using vision to think;   Tree visualization with tree-maps: 2-d space-filling approach;   The dynamic HomeFinder: evaluating dynamic queries in a real-estate information exploration system; information-retrieval; N-body-problem; particle-systems; visualization  Dynamic queries for information exploration: an implementation and evaluation;   Structural analysis of hypertexts: identifying hierarchies and useful metrics; cognitive-models; navigation; searching; task-analysis; user-interface-models; user-models; visual-problem-solving  A graphical query interface based on aggregation/generalization hierarchies;   Visual information seeking using the FilmFinder; Graphical-presentation; taxonomy  Visual information seeking: tight coupling of dynamic query filters with starfield displays; editing; graphics; lens; macro; transparent; viewing-filter; visualization  Data structures for dynamic queries: an analytical and experimental evaluation;   Incremental data structures and algorithms for dynamic query interfaces; animation; flow-envelopes; flow-visualization; rakes; streamlines; uncertainty-glyphs  LifeLines: visualizing personal histories; browsing; clustering; information-retrieval; Scatter/Gather  The alphaslider: a compact and rapid selector; button; control-panel; lens; macro; menu; multihand; transparent; user-interface; viewing-filter  Dynamic Queries for Visual Information Seeking; computer-graphics; data-structure; delete; dynamic-trees; explicit-representation; geometric-algorithm; graphical-user-interfaces; insert; node-contours; polygonal-shape; subtree-contours; subtrees; tree-dr芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙풤۰彼ܪ뚟眙풤۰彼ܪꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꫰ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ  Ordered and quantum treemaps: Making effective use of 2D space to display hierarchies; algorithms; data-base-management; measurement  The Eyes Have It: A Task by Data Type Taxonomy for Information Visualizations; algorithm-animation; algorithm-theory; computer-animation; computer-science-education; data-visualization; multimedia-computing  Query Previews in Networked Information Systems; batched-computational-geometry; batched-graph-problems; batched-sorting; disk-block; disk-striping; external-memory; Fourier-transform; I/O-complexity; indivisibility-assumption; locality-and-load-balancin芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙읔܂彼ܪ뚟眙읔܂  Design and Evaluation of Incremental Data Structures and Algorithms for Dynamic Query Interfaces; consistency; data-analysis; data-exploration-environment; database-systems; dataset; declarative-queries; direct-manipulation; graphical-user-interfaces; in芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙풤۰彼ܪ뚟眙풤۰彼ܪꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꫰ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠  Image-Browser Taxonomy and Guidelines for Designers; animated-results; complex-queries; database-management-systems; databases; display-algorithms; dynamic-queries; graphical-user-interfaces; human-factors; query-processing; retrieval; user-interface-des芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙읔܂彼ܪ뚟眙읔܂彼ܪꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ  Ordered Treemap Layouts; botanical-tree; directory-tree; huge-hierarchy; logical-tree; phyllotaxis; strands; tree-visualization  An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus; Hierarchies; human-computer-interaction; image-browsers; information-visualization; jazz; ordered-treemaps; treemaps; trees; zoomable-user-interfaces-(ZUIs).  Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction, 3rd edition;   Snap-together visualization a user interface for coordinating visualizations via relational schemata; design-guidelines; information-visualization; multiple-views; usability-heuristics; user-interfaces  Tree-Maps a space-filling approach to the visualization of hierarchical information structures; geographic-information-system; graphical-data-analysis-methods; interactive-data-visualization; time-series-analysis


term_line:
Visual Path Analysis;   Software Visualization in the Large; data-visualisation; formal-specification; logic-CAD; machine-specification; microprocessor-chips; multifunction-workbench; parallel-architectures; performance-evaluation; performance-simulators; retargetability; softw芑ᬂ쨀​笭ᬀץ	쐨ۺ퓧ᬀ
쐨ۺ쒌ۺý　࡟　࡟ᬑ頸ᬀꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꘰ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒŸۺ謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ  Managing Software with New Visual Representations;   Visualizing code profiling line oriented statistics; computer-animation; data-visualization; hierarchy-display; small-multiple-displays; tree-data-structures; trees  Navigating large networks with hierarchies; automatic-generation; composition-algebra; effectiveness; expressiveness; graphic-design; information-presentation; presentation-tool; user-interface-Adobe-Acrobat-QuickTime-Windows-Media-Player-Real-Player  Visualizing Network Data; parallel-computing; performance-analysis; performance-debugging; performance-evaluation; performance-visualization; scientific-visualization  Data visualization sliders; 3D-graphics; calendars; detail+context-technique; graphical-representations; information-retrieval; information-visualization; interactive-animation; translucent-shadows  Case study: 3D displays of Internet traffic; antialiasing; antialiasing-techniques; browsing; color-graphics; colour-graphics; data-visualisation; data-visualization; display-screen; global-views; grayscale-shading; information-display; information-mural芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙풤۰읔܂
뚟眙풤۰읔܂ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꘰ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒŸۺ謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠磜ᬁ螠ߒ鄏ᬀ謠ߒ䓋矹괸ܧ词矵瑀ߒ頔  Information visualization; algorithm-animation; geometric-algorithms; visulaization-in-education


term_line:
Visualizing n-dimensional virtual worlds with n-vision;   Windows on the world: 2D windows for 3D augmented reality; 3D-graphics; algorithm-animation; information-visualization; program-visualization  Data characterization for automatically visualizing heterogeneous information; case-study; conferences; congressional-sessions; data-visualization; geographic-representation; hostnames; interactive-3D-maps; Internet; Internet-MBone; IP-addresses; MBone-r芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙읔܂풤۰
뚟眙읔܂풤۰ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꫰ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠磜ᬁ螠ߒ鄏ᬀ謠ߒ䓋矹괸ܧ词矵瑀ߒ頔ᬂ舠ᬂᬁ۶۶߰ᱸõ迸ᬁ螠ߒ犠ߒ⌸剦堖ᬄ螠ߒ߰᝘剦  Worlds within worlds: metaphors for exploring n-dimensional virtual worlds; 3D-Image; Algorithms; Reconstruction; Volume-Rendering  Seeing the forest for the trees: hierarchical displays of hypertext structures; Hierarchical-spatial-enumeration; medical-imaging; molecular-graphics; octree; ray-tracing; scientific-visualization; volume-rendering; volume-visualization; voxel  Computer graphics: principles and practice (2nd ed.);   Visual task characterization for automated visual discourse synthesis; Information-visualization; interaction; perception; usability; visualization; World-Wide-Web; WWW


term_line:
SDM: selective dynamic manipulation of visualizations; animation; automatic-layout; direct-manipulation; directness; live-editing; liveness; structural-reification; user-interface-construction; user-interface-frameworks  Using aggregation and dynamic queries for exploring large data sets; documents; interdisciplinary; interdisciplinary-Adobe-Acrobat-QuickTime-Windows-Media-Player-Real-Player  Interactive graphic design using automatic presentation knowledge; business-charts; data-visualization; demonstrational-interfaces; interactive-techniques  Coordinating declarative queries with a direct manipulation data exploration environment; data-visualisation; information-visualization-design-space; information-visualization-literature; morphological-analysis; point-designs; research; taxonomy; user-in芑ᬂ쨀​  Visage: a user interface environment for exploring information; application-domains; automated-graphical-generation-systems; automatic-visualization; automatically-generated-examples; data-analysis-taxonomy; data-characterization; data-visualisation; dom芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙풤۰彼ܪ
뚟眙풤۰彼ܪꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ궐ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠磜ᬁ螠ߒ鄏ᬀ謠ߒ䓋矹괸ܧ词矵瑀ߒ頔ᬂ舠ᬂᬁ۶۶߰ᱸõ迸ᬁ螠ߒ犠ߒ⌸剦堖ᬄ螠ߒ߰᝘剦ᬁឬ剦᝘剦ឬ剦呞ᬄ喉ᬄ?ࠄ窦᭴۶۶醰᭺۶ㄿ眒읔܂ࠄ稌᭴Ѥ菚᭶۶醰᭺۶  On the semantics of interactive visualizations; application-domains; C++-class-browser; hierarchically-structured-information; information-navigation; interactive-information-visualization; presentation-toolkit; rapid-prototyping; software-architecture; 芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙읔܂彼ܪ
뚟眙읔܂彼ܪꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ궐ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠  Efficient Multi-Object Dynamic Query Histograms; aggregation; cartography; data-visualization; information-visualization; zoom  Data characterization for intelligent graphics presentation; continuous-cartograms; Information-visualization; value-by-area-cartograms; visualization-and-cartography.; visualization-of-geo-related-information  SDM: malleable information graphics; alphasliders; arbitrary-graphical-objects; automatic-dynamic-query-creation; computer-animation; data-visualisation; database-objects; database-relations; details-on-demand-retrieval; HTML-file; Information-Visualizat芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙풤۰彼ܪ
뚟眙풤۰彼ܪꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ궐ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠磜ᬁ螠ߒ鄏ᬀ謠ߒ䓋矹괸ܧ词矵瑀ߒ頔ᬂ舠ᬂᬁ۶۶߰ᱸõ迸ᬁ螠ߒ犠ߒ⌸剦堖ᬄ螠ߒ߰᝘剦ᬁឬ剦᝘剦ឬ剦呞ᬄ喉ᬄ?ࠄ窦᭴۶۶醰᭺۶ㄿ眒읔܂  Information Appliances and Tools in Visage; data-set; data-visualisation; database-exploration; display-pixel; multidimensional-data; multidimensional-visualization; query-processing; query-specification-process; relational-database-tables; relational-da芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙읔܂彼ܪ
뚟眙읔܂彼ܪꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ  An interactive visual query environment for exploring data; fuzzy; GIS; slope-stability-modelling; uncertainty; visualization  Sketching, searching, and customizing visualizations: a content-based approach to design retrieval;


term_line:
The Generalized Detail-In-Context Problem;   Visual Path Analysis;   Techniques for non-linear magnification transformations; data-visualization; document-retrieval; image-search; Internet; multimedia-Web-search-engines; online-front-ends; query-processing; text-search; user-friendly; World-Wide-Web  Nonlinear Magnification Fields;   Getting Along: Composition of Visualization Paradigms; animation; circular/radial-displays; debugging; fault-localization; focus+context; hierarchy-visualizations; overview-and-detail


term_line:
H3: laying out large directed graphs in 3D hyperbolic space; complex-data-set; data-complexity; data-operations; data-types; domain-specific-operators; information-visualization; inter-cell-operations; multidimensional-datasets; prototype-systems; select芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙읔܂풤۰
뚟眙읔܂풤۰ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꘰ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒŸۺ謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵  Constellation: A Visualization Tool for Linguistic Queries from MindNet;   Visualizing the structure of the World Wide Web in 3D hyperbolic space;   Visualizing the global topology of the MBone; charts; custom-visualizations; data-analysis; data-logging; data-visualisation; geometry; graphical-user-interface-testing; key-press; mouse-click; organizing-structure; usability-analysis; usability-log-data芑ᬂ쨀​  Exploring Large Graphs in 3D Hyperbolic Space; client-server-architecture; client-server-systems; computationally-intensive-tasks; data-mining; data-visualisation; database-visualization; decision-making; decision-support-systems; deductive-databases; kn芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙풤۰읔܂뚟眙풤۰읔܂ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꫰ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT  Drawing Large Graphs with H3Viewer and Site Manager;


term_line:
KidPad: a design collaboration between children, technologists, and educators; interactive-graphics; taxonomy; visualization  Graphical multiscale Web histories: a study of padprints; database-visualization; direct-manipulation; visual-programming  Space-scale diagrams: understanding multiscale interfaces; information-access; Information-foraging-theory  Ordered and quantum treemaps: Making effective use of 2D space to display hierarchies; algorithms; data-base-management; measurement  SpaceTree: Supporting Exploration in Large Node Link Tree, Design Evolution and Empirical Evaluation;   Pad++: a zoomable graphical interface system; database-query; dynamic-queries; information-exploration; information-visualization; tight-coupling  Jazz: an extensible zoomable user interface graphics toolkit in Java; e-commerce; electronic-catalogs; human-computer-interaction; usability-evaluation; user-interfaces  Does Animation Help Users Build Mental Maps of Spatial Information?; context-visualization; data-values; data-visualisation; design-enhancements; exploratory-data-analysis; focus-visualization; graphical-representations; large-data-tables; multiple-focal芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙彼ܪ풤۰
뚟眙彼ܪ풤۰ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ궐ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶  Pad++: a zooming graphical interface for exploring alternate interface physics; fisheye-display; focus+context-technique; hierarchy-display; information-visualization


term_line:
SpaceTree: Supporting Exploration in Large Node Link Tree, Design Evolution and Empirical Evaluation;   Excentric labeling: dynamic neighborhood labeling for data visualization; database-visualization; evaluation; exploratory-data-analysis; GOMS; information-visualization; multivariate-visualization  Image-Browser Taxonomy and Guidelines for Designers; animated-results; complex-queries; database-management-systems; databases; display-algorithms; dynamic-queries; graphical-user-interfaces; human-factors; query-processing; retrieval; user-interface-des芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙풤۰彼ܪ
뚟眙풤۰彼ܪꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ  Query Previews in Networked Information Systems; batched-computational-geometry; batched-graph-problems; batched-sorting; disk-block; disk-striping; external-memory; Fourier-transform; I/O-complexity; indivisibility-assumption; locality-and-load-balancin芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙읔܂彼ܪ
뚟眙읔܂  Interactive Information Visualization of a Million Items; focus+context-visualization; information-visualization; levels-of-detail; process-visualization  LifeLines: visualizing personal histories; browsing; clustering; information-retrieval; Scatter/Gather


term_line:
CartoDraw A Fast Algorithm for Generating Contiguous Cartograms; data-visualization; integral-multiple-methods; multivariate-data; n-dimensional-brush; physical-phenomena; spatial-relationships  Pixel Bar Charts: A New Technique for Visualizing Large Multi-Attribute Data Sets without Aggregation; query-results; search-results; visualization  Efficient Cartogram Generation: A Comparison;   Visualization Techniques for Mining Large Databases: A Comparison; analysis; computer-graphics; design; designer-guidelines; evaluation; graphical-user-interfaces; image-processing; image-browser-taxonomy; informal-specification-technique; large-image-br芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙읔܂풤۰
뚟眙읔܂풤۰ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꫰ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠磜ᬁ螠ߒ鄏ᬀ  The Gridfit algorithm: an efficient and effective approach to visualizing large amounts of spatial data; object-oriented; spreadsheets; user-interface  VisDB: a system for visualizing large databases;   VisDB: Database Exploration Using Multidimensional Visualization; colour; computerised-picture-processing; heated-object-color-scale; linearized-gray-scale; linearized-optimal-color-scale; LOCS; medical-computing; medical-image-data; perception  Recursive Pattern: A Technique for Visualizing Very Large Amounts of Data; brushing; multivariate-data-visualization; visual-data-exploration  Supporting Data Mining of Large Databases by Visual Feedback Queries; Design; Human-Factors; Information-Search-and-Retrieval; Information-storage-and-retrieval; Information-Systems; Search-process; Systems-and-Software; Web-View  The X-tree: An Index Structure for High-Dimensional Data;   Similarity Clustering of Dimensions for an Enhanced Visualization of Multidimensional Data;


term_line:
An interactive visual query environment for exploring data; fuzzy; GIS; slope-stability-modelling; uncertainty; visualization  Information Appliances and Tools in Visage; data-set; data-visualisation; database-exploration; display-pixel; multidimensional-data; multidimensional-visualization; query-processing; query-specification-process; relational-database-tables; relational-da芑ᬂ쨀​笭ᬀץ	쐨ۺ퓧ᬀ
쐨ۺ쒌ۺý࠸࠸ᬑ頸ᬀꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ  SDM: malleable information graphics; alphasliders; arbitrary-graphical-objects; automatic-dynamic-query-creation; computer-animation; data-visualisation; database-objects; database-relations; details-on-demand-retrieval; HTML-file; Information-Visualizat芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙풤۰읔܂
뚟眙풤۰읔܂ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ궐ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠磜ᬁ螠ߒ鄏ᬀ謠ߒ䓋矹괸ܧ词矵瑀ߒ頔ᬂ舠ᬂᬁ۶۶ᱸõ迸乔ᬄ螠ߒ犠ߒ쥌ᬄ螠ߒ߰XၢHၢ팣ᬄឬ剦᝘剦ឬ剦᝘剦喉ᬄ?ࠄ窦᭴۶۶醰᭺۶ㄿ眒彼ܪ  Interactive graphic design using automatic presentation knowledge; business-charts; data-visualization; demonstrational-interfaces; interactive-techniques  SDM: selective dynamic manipulation of visualizations; animation; automatic-layout; direct-manipulation; directness; live-editing; liveness; structural-reification; user-interface-construction; user-interface-frameworks  Visage: a user interface environment for exploring information; application-domains; automated-graphical-generation-systems; automatic-visualization; automatically-generated-examples; data-analysis-taxonomy; data-characterization; data-visualisation; dom芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙彼ܪ읔܂
뚟眙彼ܪ읔܂ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ궐ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT鉯ᬀỴۺ䓋矹㫘词矵ۨ逷矵㫠磜ᬁ螠ߒ鄏ᬀ謠ߒ䓋矹괸ܧ词矵瑀ߒ頔ᬂ舠ᬂᬁ۶۶߰ᱸõ迸乔ᬄᬁ螠ߒ犠ߒ⌸剦堖ᬄ螠ߒ߰᝘剦ᬁឬ剦᝘剦ឬ剦呞ᬄ喉ᬄ?ࠄ窦᭴۶۶醰᭺۶ㄿ眒풤۰ࠄ稌᭴Ѥ菚᭶۶醰᭺۶  Coordinating declarative queries with a direct manipulation data exploration environment; data-visualisation; information-visualization-design-space; information-visualization-literature; morphological-analysis; point-designs; research; taxonomy; user-in芑ᬂ쨀​


term_line:
IVEE: an environment for automatic creation of dynamic queries applications; content-based-retrieval; image-databases; image-indexing; image-metrics; query-by-content; query-by-example; similarity-retrieval; sketch-retrieval; wavelets  Dynamic queries for information exploration: an implementation and evaluation;   Visual information seeking using the FilmFinder; Graphical-presentation; taxonomy  IVEE: an Information Visualization and Exploration Environment; 2D-zoom; browsing; interactive-technique; macroscope; multi-scale-multi-layer-translucent-virtual-space; relative-scaleIEEE-Conference-on-Information-Visualisation-(IV-'97); viewfinders; vir芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙풤۰彼ܪ
뚟眙풤۰彼ܪꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꘰ߒ쐨ۺ  Visual information seeking: tight coupling of dynamic query filters with starfield displays; editing; graphics; lens; macro; transparent; viewing-filter; visualization  The alphaslider: a compact and rapid selector; button; control-panel; lens; macro; menu; multihand; transparent; user-interface; viewing-filter


term_line:
Sensemaking of Evolving Web Sites Using Visualization Spreadsheets; Cluster-Analysis; Information-Visualization; Time-Series-Data  The scent of a site: a system for analyzing and predicting information scent, usage, and usability of a Web site; collaboration; interactivity; maps; scientific-visualization; virtual-reality  Visualization of Biological Sequence Similarity Search Results; aerospace-computing; air-to-air-combat; computer-aided-fighter-pilots; expert-system; expert-systems; human-factors; human-factors; military-systems; mission-goal; operational-characteristic芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙彼ܪ읔܂
뚟眙彼ܪ읔܂ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꫰ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠ߒẐۺ鍎ᬀT  Visualizing the evolution of Web ecologies; automated-design-of-graphics; visual-discourse; visual-task-characterization  A spreadsheet approach to information visualization; adaptive-information-visualization-method; CVI; data-visualisation; graphical-user-interfaces; hypermedia; information-retrieval; interactive-3D-visualization; interactive-viewpoint-selection; Internet芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙彼ܪ읔܂
뚟眙彼ܪ읔܂ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꫰ߒ쐨ۺ쒌ۺ
࣒؀陬ᬀ謠ߒT譔ߒ퀀࡛৶謠  A Taxonomy of Visualization Techniques Using the Data State Reference Model; information-content; information-theory; information-visualization; metrics  Principles for Information Visualization Spreadsheets; 3D-hyperbolic-space; computational-geometry; computer-graphics; fluid-interaction; graph-exploration; graph-theory; H3Viewer-drawing-algorithm; large-graphs; mathematics-computing; software-libraries芑ᬂ쨀​섷眙彼ܪ읔܂
뚟眙彼ܪ읔܂ꀀߒ㟙ᬂ쒌ۺ맀ߒ쐨ۺ맴ߒ꫰ߒ쐨ۺ  An Operator Interaction Framework for Visualization Systems; 3D-interface; ecological-layout; graphical-interface; icon; regular-layout; spatial-metaphor  Flexible information visualization of multivariate data from biological sequence similarity searches; force-directed-placement; high-dimensional-data; layout-algorithms; spring-models; stochastic-algorithms; visualization


term_line:
Graph Drawing by High-Dimensional Embedding;   A fast multi-scale method for drawing large graphs;   On visual formalisms; 3-D-graphics; I/O-devices; input-devices; interactive-graphics; mouse; real-time-graphics; rotation-control; user-performance; virtual-controllers; virtual-sphere  ACE: A Fast Multiscale Eigenvectors Computation for Drawing Huge Graphs; database-visualization; graphic-formalism; Multiscale-visualization  Drawing graphs nicely using simulated annealing; data-acquisition; fisheye-views; hierarchically-clustered-graphs; information-visualization; supervisory-control


term_line:
Visual hierarchical dimension reduction for exploration of high dimensional datasets; Distributed-computing; event-history; nondeterminism; parallel-processing; probe-effect; program-replay; program-visualization; static-analysis  Navigating Hierarchies with Structure-Based Brushes; 3-d-user-interfaces; information-visualization; inter-cell-dependencies; lifting-up-operation; Natto-View; spreadsheets  Hierarchical parallel coordinates for exploration of large datasets; empirical-study; user-study  Structure-Based Brushes: A Mechanism for Navigating Hierarchically Organized Data and Information Spaces; clustering.; fish-eye; focus+context; graph-drawing; graph-visualization; Information-visualization; navigation  InterRing: An Interactive Tool for Visually Navigating and Manipulating Hierarchical Structures; brushing; focus+context-visualization; information-visualization; linear-correlations; parallel-coordinates


term_line:
MuSE: a multiscale editor; browsing; critical-zone-analysis; critical-zones; information-navigation; multiscale; navigation; Pad++; residue; space-scale-diagrams; view-based-navigational-aids; view-navigation; ZTracker  Multitrees: enriching and reusing hierarchical structure; exploratory-data-analysis; fisheye-technique; focus+context-technique; graphical-representations; information-visualization; relational-tables; spreadsheets; tables  Generalized fisheye views;   Space-scale diagrams: understanding multiscale interfaces; information-access; Information-foraging-theory  Critical zones in desert fog: aids to multiscale navigation; bandwidth-limited-resource; interactivity; real-time-display; texture-caching; texture-mapping


term_line:
Developing calendar visualizers for the information visualizer; 3D-user-interface; scientific-visualization  Information visualization using 3D interactive animation;   The WebBook and the Web Forager: an information workspace for the World-Wide Web; animation; decision-making  Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information;   The Document Lens; information-systems; information-visualization; Internet; WWW  The perspective wall: detail and context smoothly integrated;   Rapid controlled movement through a virtual 3D workspace; Document-and-Text-Processing; Graphics-Editors; Interaction-Techniques; Models-and-Principles


# authors

author:
Chris Hendrickson Octavia Juarez Espinosa


# authors_20040520

author:
Chris Hendrickson Octavia Juarez Espinosa


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            thirtieth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing

merge_id:
Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing


source:
Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems Languages and
            Applications: Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages
            and applications: ACM SIGPLAN Notices: Volume 21 , Issue 11 (November 1986)


source:
IEEE Visualization: Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '98


source:
Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology: Proceedings of
            the 11th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology


source:
Annual ACM Conference on Research and Development in Information
            Retrieval: Proceedings of the 21st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research
            and development in information retrieval


source:
Computers & Geosciences: Volume 24 , Issue 4 (May 1998):
            Special issue on computers, geoscience and geocomputation


source:
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Proceedings of the
            SIGCHI/GI conference on Human factors in computing systems and graphics interface: ACM
            SIGCHI Bulletin: Volume 17 , Issue SI (May 1987)


source:
Annual Conference on Research in Computational Molecular Biology:
            Proceedings of the third annual international conference on Computational molecular biology

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Annual Conference on Research in Computational Molecular Biology


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Readings in information visualization using vision to think

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Readings in information visualization using vision to think


source:
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Proceedings of the
            SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems the CHI is the limit


source:
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Proceedings of the
            conference on Human factors in computing systems


source:
IEEE Transactions on Computers: Volume 47 , Issue 11 (November
            1998):


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Journal of Intelligent Information Systems: Volume 11 , Issue 3
            Nov./Dec. 1998: Special issue on information visualization the next frontier

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Journal of Intelligent Information Systems


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Journal of the American Society for Information Science: Volume 49 ,
            Issue 7 (May 1998): Special topic issue artificial intelligence techniques for emerging
            information systems applications


source:
Annual ACM Conference on Research and Development in Information
            Retrieval: Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research
            and development in information retrieval


source:
Symposium on Discrete Algorithms: Proceedings of the eighth annual
            ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms


source:
Applications, Technologies, Architectures,and Protocols for Computer
            Communication: Proceedings of the conference on Applications, technologies,
            architectures, and protocols for computer communication: ACM SIGCOMM Computer
            Communication Review: Volume 29 , Issue 4 (October 1999)

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Applications, Technologies, Architectures,and Protocols for Computer
Communication


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IEEE Visualization: Proceedings of the conference on Visualization
            '99 celebrating ten years


source:
Journal of the American Society for Information Science: Volume 50 ,
            Issue 13 (November 1999): Speical issue on integrating mutiple overlapping metadata standards


source:
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS): Volume 5 , Issue 3
            (September 1980):


source:
Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology: Proceedings of
            the 12th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology


source:
Journal of the ACM (JACM): Volume 25 , Issue 2 (April 1978):


source:
International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive
            Techniques: Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and
            interactive techniques: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics: Volume 19 , Issue 3 (July 1985)


source:
ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics: Volume 33 , Issue 3 (August 1999):


source:
New Paradigms in Information Visualization and Manipulation:
            Proceedings of the 1999 workshop on new paradigms in information visualization and
            manipulation in conjunction with the eighth ACM internation conference on Information
            and knowledge management


source:
intelligence: Volume 11 , Issue 1 Spring 2000:


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Symposium on Discrete Algorithms: Proceedings of the eleventh annual
            ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms


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AVI: Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces


source:
International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking:
            Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking

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International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking


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ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR): Volume 31 , Issue 4es (December 1999):


source:
Collaborative Virtual Environments: Proceedings of the third
            international conference on Collaborative virtual environments


source:
Electronic Commerce: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM conference on
            Electronic commerce


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Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology: Proceedings of
            the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology


source:
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR): Volume 11 , Issue 4 (December 1979):


source:
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG): Volume 1 , Issue 3 (July 1982):


source:
Communications of the ACM: Volume 21 , Issue 7 (July 1978):


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Communications of the ACM: Volume 19 , Issue 10 (October 1976):


source:
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies: Volume 53 , Issue 5
            (November 2000): Empirical evaluation of information visualizations

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International Journal of Human-Computer Studies


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Technometrics: Volume 29 , Issue 2 (May 1987):


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International World Wide Web Conference: Proceedings of the tenth
            international conference on World Wide Web


source:
Kluwer International Series In Engineering And Computer Science:
            Information organization and databases foundation of data organization

merge_id:
Kluwer International Series In Engineering And Computer Science


source:
IEEE Visualization: Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '00


source:
Springer Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Drawing graphs methods
            and models

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Springer Lecture Notes In Computer Science


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Dr. Dobb's Journal: Volume 26 , Issue 4 (April 2001):


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ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics: Volume 21 , Issue 6 (November 1987)


source:
Communications of the ACM: Volume 31 , Issue 5 (May 1988):


source:
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications: Volume 8 , Issue 3 (May
            1988):


source:
Conference on Supporting Group Work: Conference Sponsored by ACM
            SIGOIS and IEEECS TC-OA on Office information systems: ACM SIGOIS Bulletin: Volume 9 ,
            Issue 2-3 April & July 1988


source:
Communications of the ACM: Volume 31 , Issue 7 (July 1988):


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Communications of the ACM: Volume 31 , Issue 11 (November 1988):


source:
Conference on Knowledge Discovery in Data: Proceedings of the
            seventh ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining

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Conference on Knowledge Discovery in Data


source:
Journal of Computer and System Sciences: Volume 31 , Issue 2
            (September 1985):


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International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive
            Techniques: Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and
            interactive techniques: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics: Volume 22 , Issue 4 (August 1988)


source:
IV: Proceedings of the 1999 International Conference on Information Visualisation


source:
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG): Volume 21 , Issue 4 (October
            2002):


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Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 2001
            (INFOVIS'01)

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Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization


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IV: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Information Visualisation


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Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery: Volume 1 , Issue 1 1997:


source:
Multimedia Tools and Applications: Volume 14 , Issue 2 (June 2001):


source:
Computers & Geosciences: Volume 28 , Issue 10 (December
            2002):


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IEEE Parallel & Distributed Technology Systems &
            Technology: Volume 3 , Issue 4 (December 1995):

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IEEE Parallel & Distributed Technology Systems &
Technology


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IEEE Concurrency: Volume 6 , Issue 1 (January 1998):


source:
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics: Volume 1 ,
            Issue 1 (March 1995):


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IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics: Volume 1 ,
            Issue 2 (June 1995):


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IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics: Volume 6 ,
            Issue 1 (January 2000):


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IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics: Volume 6 ,
            Issue 2 (April 2000):


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IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics: Volume 8 ,
            Issue 1 (January 2002):


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Computing in Science and Engineering: Volume 1 , Issue 2 (March
            1999):


source:
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications: Volume 9 , Issue 4 (July
            1989):


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IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications: Volume 12 , Issue 1
            (January 1992):


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IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications: Volume 12 , Issue 4 (July
            1992):


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IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications: Volume 14 , Issue 5
            (September 1994):


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IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications: Volume 17 , Issue 4 (July
            1997):


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IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications: Volume 18 , Issue 4 (July
            1998):


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IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications: Volume 19 , Issue 1
            (January 1999):


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IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications: Volume 20 , Issue 1
            (January 2000):


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IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications: Volume 21 , Issue 5
            (September 2001):


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Computer: Volume 28 , Issue 9 (September 1995):


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Computer: Volume 28 , Issue 12 (December 1995):


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Computer: Volume 29 , Issue 4 (April 1996):


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IEEE Micro: Volume 16 , Issue 2 (April 1996):


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Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology: Proceedings of
            the 1st annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User Interface Software


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IEEE Software: Volume 6 , Issue 4 (July 1989):


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IEEE Software: Volume 7 , Issue 1 (January 1990):


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IEEE Software: Volume 7 , Issue 4 (July 1990):


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IEEE Software: Volume 11 , Issue 6 (November 1994):


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IEEE Software: Volume 12 , Issue 2 (March 1995):


source:
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering: Volume 8 ,
            Issue 6 (December 1996):


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IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence:
            Volume 16 , Issue 8 (August 1994):


source:
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering: Volume 19 , Issue 3
            (March 1993):


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Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: CHI '99 extended
            abstracts on Human factors in computing systems


source:
Journal of Systems and Software: Volume 9 , Issue 3 (March 1989):


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Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Proceedings of the 8th European
            Conference on Machine Learning


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Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Proceedings of the 4th
            International Conference on Foundations of Data Organization and Algorithms


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Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Data Engineering

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Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Data Engineering


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Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Parallel Processing

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Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Parallel Processing


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Proceedings of the 21th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases

merge_id:
Proceedings of International Conference on Very Large Data Bases


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Proceedings of the 22th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases


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Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases


source:
Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Proceedings of the 14th British
            National Conference on Databases Advances in Databases


source:
Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Proceedings of the 24th
            International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming


source:
Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Proceedings of the Third Latin
            American Symposium on Theoretical Informatics


source:
Proceedings of the Seventh International Working Conference on
            Scientific and Statistical Database Management

merge_id:
Proceedings of the Seventh International Working Conference on
Scientific and Statistical Database Management


source:
Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Selected papers from the
            International Workshop on Algorithm Engineering and Experimentation


source:
Proceedings of HCI on People and Computers XIII

merge_id:
Proceedings of HCI on People and Computers XIII


source:
Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Symposium Information Visualization


source:
Scientific Visualization, Overviews, Methodologies, and Techniques

merge_id:
Scientific Visualization, Overviews, Methodologies, and Techniques


source:
Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Selected Papers from the Digital
            Libraries Workshop on Digital Libraries Current Issues


source:
Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Proceedings of the DIMACS
            International Workshop on Graph Drawing


source:
Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Proceedings of the Symposium on
            Graph Drawing


source:
Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Proceedings of the 5th
            International Symposium on Graph Drawing


source:
Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Proceedings of the 6th
            International Symposium on Graph Drawing


source:
Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Proceedings of the 7th
            International Symposium on Graph Drawing


source:
Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Proceedings of the 8th
            International Symposium on Graph Drawing


source:
Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Revised Papers from the 9th
            International Symposium on Graph Drawing


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Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Revised Papers from the 10th
            International Symposium on Graph Drawing


source:
Lecture Notes In Computer Science: Selected Papers from the Digital
            Libraries, Research and Technology Advances


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ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS): Volume 7 , Issue 1
            (January 1989):


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Workshop on Parallel & Distributed Debugging: Proceedings of
            the 1988 ACM SIGPLAN and SIGOPS workshop on Parallel and distributed debugging: ACM
            SIGPLAN Notices: Volume 24 , Issue 1 (January 1989)

merge_id:
Workshop on Parallel & Distributed Debugging


source:
Software Configuration Management Workshop: Proceedings of the 2nd
            International Workshop on Software configuration management: ACM SIGSOFT Software
            Engineering Notes: Volume 14 , Issue 7 (November 1989)


source:
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS): Volume 5 , Issue 1
            (February 1987):


source:
Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology: Proceedings of
            the 2nd annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User interface software and technology


source:
Conference on High Performance Networking and Computing: Proceedings
            of the 1989 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing

merge_id:
Conference on High Performance Networking and Computing


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ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR): Volume 21 , Issue 4 (December 1989):


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ACM International Conference Proceeding Series: Proceedings of the
            symposium on Data visualisation 2003

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ACM International Conference Proceeding Series


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Conference on Knowledge Discovery in Data: Proceedings of the eighth
            ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining


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IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics: Volume 9 ,
            Issue 2 (April 2003):


source:
Handbook of data mining and knowledge discovery

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Handbook of data mining and knowledge discovery


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ADL: Proceedings of the 3rd International Forum on Research and
            Technology Advances in Digital Libraries


source:
Software-Practice & Experience: Volume 20 , Issue 7 (July
            1990):


source:
CVPR: Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and
            Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)


source:
International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive
            Techniques: Proceedings of the 11th annual conference on Computer graphics and
            interactive techniques: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics: Volume 18 , Issue 3 (July 1984)


source:
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Proceedings of the
            1982 conference on Human factors in computing systems


source:
International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive
            Techniques: Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Computer graphics and
            interactive techniques: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics: Volume 17 , Issue 3 (July 1983)


source:
International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive
            Techniques: Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Computer graphics and
            interactive techniques: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics: Volume 15 , Issue 3 (August 1981)


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IEEE Spectrum: Volume 27 , Issue 3 (March 1990):


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IEEE Visualization: Proceedings of the 6th conference on
            Visualization '95


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VL: Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages


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VL: Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages


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Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE Symposium Information Visualization


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Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization
            (INFOVIS '96)


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Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization
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Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization


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Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization
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Brown University Technical Report CS-93-07


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Brown University Technical Report CS-89-09


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Brown University Technical Report CS-89-30


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Brown University Technical Report CS-95-20


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Cornell University Technical Report TR92-1286

merge_id:
Cornell University Technical Report TR92-1286


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Cornell University Technical Report TR74-218

merge_id:
Cornell University Technical Report TR74-218


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Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science Technical Report INS-R9806

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Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science Technical Report INS-R9806


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Stanford University Technical Report CSL-TR-95-661

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Stanford University Technical Report CSL-TR-95-661


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University of California at Berkeley Technical Report S2K-95-64

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University of California at Berkeley Technical Report


source:
University of California at Berkeley Technical Report CSD-86-292


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Albert-Ludwigs University at Freiburg Technical Report report00014

merge_id:
Albert-Ludwigs University at Freiburg Technical Report report00014


source:
Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics: Proceedings of the 1990
            symposium on Interactive 3D graphics: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics: Volume 24 , Issue
            2 (March 1990)


source:
Proceedings of the third international conference on human-computer
            interaction on Designing and using human-computer interfaces and knowledge based systems
            (2nd ed.)

merge_id:
Proceedings of the third international conference on human-computer
interaction on Designing and using human-computer interfaces and knowledge based systems
(2nd ed.)


source:
Mit Press Series Of Artificial Intelligence Series: Shape from shading

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Mit Press Series Of Artificial Intelligence Series


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IEEE Visualization: Proceedings of the 1st conference on
            Visualization '90


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IEEE Visualization: Proceedings of the 2nd conference on
            Visualization '91


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IEEE Visualization: Proceedings of the 3rd conference on
            Visualization '92


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IEEE Visualization: Proceedings of the 4th conference on
            Visualization '93


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IEEE Visualization: Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '94


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IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics: Volume 10
            , Issue 1 (January 2004):


source:
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Proceedings of the
            SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Empowering people


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International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive
            Techniques: Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on Computer graphics and
            interactive techniques: ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics: Volume 24 , Issue 4 (August 1990)


source:
Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology: Proceedings of
            the 3rd annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User interface software and technology


source:
Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems Languages and
            Applications: Proceedings of the European conference on object-oriented programming on
            Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications: ACM SIGPLAN Notices:
            Volume 25 , Issue 10 (October 1990)


source:
Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry: Proceedings of the sixth
            annual symposium on Computational geometry

merge_id:
Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry


source:
Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Proceedings of the 1990 ACM
            conference on Computer-supported cooperative work


source:
Springer Grundlehren Der Mathematischen Wissenschaften

merge_id:
Springer Grundlehren Der Mathematischen Wissenschaften


source:
Morgan Kaufmann Series In Interactive Technologies

merge_id:
Morgan Kaufmann Series In Interactive Technologies


# z_article_authors_20040626

author:
Chris Hendrickson Octavia Juarez Espinosa


# z_import_errors

err_desc:
Object variable or With block variable not set


